Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

194
Natural and human-made disasters
www.em-dat.net/ (includes
industrial accidents, miscellaneous
accidents and
transport accidents).
14 This was calculated using
data from EM-DAT, CRED,
which only includes loss
data for events with at least
10 mortalities, 100 people
affected, a national state of
emergency or a call for
international assistance.
Thus, the many smaller
natural and human-made
disasters were not included
in this calculation of mortality
per event.
15 Munich Re, 2004.
16 Ibid.
17 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.
18 See Washington (2007) for
some insight into the ways
in which different psychological
orientations influence
decision-making.
19 Guha-Sapir et al, 2004.
20 Yong et al, 1988.
21 Conchesco, 2003.
22 McGranahan et al, 2001;
Benson and Twigg, 2004;
ECLAC, 2004.
23 ISDR, 2003.
24 O’Rourke et al, 2006.
25 Ministry of the
Environment, Republic of
Indonesia (undated).
26 Tsunami Evaluation
Coalition, 2006.
27 UNEP, 2005.
28 Shiozaki et al, 2005.
29 Guha Sapir et al, 2004.
30 Swiss Re, 2007.
31 These are aggregate figures
and economic damages per
event are higher in the
Americas than in Asia,
where there is a greater
frequency of events.
32 UNCRD, 1995.
33 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.
34 Pelling et al, 2002.
35 Munich Re, 2004.
36 Wisner et al, 2004.
37 Guha-Sapir, 1997.
38 Bern, 1993.
39 Enarson, 2000.
40 Ibid.
41 Norris (undated).
42 Bern, 1993.
43 Delgado et al, 2002.
44 Klinenberg, 2002a.
45 Twigg, 2004.
46 Freudenheim, 1980, cited in
Albala-Bertrand, 1993.
47 Abney and Hill, 1966.
48 Taboroff, 2003.
49 UNDP, 2004; UNESCO at
http://whc.unesco.org.
50 Vecvagars, 2006.
51 See, for example, debates
summarized from the
United Nations World
Conference on Disaster
Reduction, Kobe, 2005,
session on Cultural Heritage
Risk Management,
www.unisdr.org/wcdr/
thematic-sessions/
thematic-reports/reportsession-3-3.pdf.
52 United Nations, 2005; Clark,
2000.
53 UN-Habitat, 2006e.
54 Harris, 1995.
55 Shrivastava, 1996.
56 Cities with 1 million to 5
million inhabitants are
defined as intermediate,
while cities with more than
10 million inhabitants are
referred to as megacities
(UN-Habitat, 2006e, p5).
57 UN-Habitat, 2006e.
58 Cross, 2001.
59 Hardoy et al, 2001.
60 Astill, 2004.
61 National Labour
Committee, El Salvador,
2001.
62 McGranahan et al, 2001.
63 Tibaijuka, 2006.
64 IFRC, 1999.
65 Nicholls, 2004.
66 Quarantelli, 2003.
67 See www.adpc.net/audmp/
India.html.
68 Satterthwaite, 2006.
69 Ibid.
70 Klein et al, 2003.
71 McGranahan et al, 2007.
72 IPCC, 2001.
73 Barrios et al, 2006.
74 UNEP and UN-Habitat,
2005.
75 Satterthwaite, 2006.
76 Pelling, 2003.
77 UN-Habitat, 2006e.
78 Blaikie et al, 1994.
79 General Secretariat Central
American Integration
System, 1999.
80 UN-Habitat, 2003d.
81 Sharma and Gupta, 1998.
82 Rashid, 2000.
83 Wisner, 1999.
84 Brown, 1994.
85 Özerdem and Barakat, 2000.
86 Kreimer and Munasinghe,
1992.
87 Save the Children, 2006.
88 ISDR, 2005a.
89 Revi, 2005.
90 Patel et al, 2002.
91 Government of
Maharashtra, Department of
Relief and Rehabilitation
(undated).
92 Dossal, 2005.
93 Tunstall et al, 2004.
94 Mitchell, 1999.
95 Pelling, 1997.
96 Alexander, 1989.
97 UNDP, 2004; and ISDR at
www.unisdr.org.
98 Walton and Seddon, 1994.
99 DFID, 2005.
100 Freeman, 2004.
101 Anderson, 1990.
102 www.volcanolive.com/
news16.html.
103 www.nhc.noaa.gov/
1998mitch.html.
104 www.oxfam.org.au/
world/emergencies/
asia_tsunami.html.
105 Bhattachatya, 2003.