Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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xiv Enhancing Urban Safety and Security PART III SECURITY OF TENURE Introduction 111 5 Security of Tenure: Conditions and Trends 114 Types of Tenure 115 Customary tenure arrangements 117 What Is Security of Tenure? 117 Measuring security of tenure 119 Realities underlying tenure insecurity 120 Scale and Impacts of Tenure Insecurity 121 Scale and Impacts of Evictions 123 Forced evictions 124 Market-based evictions 126 Expropriation and compulsory acquisition 126 Major causes of large-scale evictions 127 Infrastructure projects 128 International mega events 129 Urban beautification 129 Groups Particularly Vulnerable to Tenure Insecurity 130 The urban poor 131 Tenants 131 Women 132 Other vulnerable and disadvantaged groups 133 Security of Tenure in the Aftermath of Disasters and Armed Conflict 133 Disasters and secure tenure 133 Conflict, peace-building and security of tenure 134 The Growing Acceptance of the ‘Informal City’ 134 Concluding Remarks 135 Notes 136 6 Policy Responses to Tenure Insecurity 137 Upgrading and Regularization 137 Limits of community-based upgrading and regularization 140 Titling and Legalization 140 Land Administration and Registration 143 Legal Protection from Forced Eviction 145 Addressing Violations of Security of Tenure Rights 148 Civil Society Responses to Security of Tenure and Froced Evictions 151 Response of International Organizations to Tenure Insecurity and Forced Evictions 152 Security of Tenure and Human Rights: Examples from South Africa, Brazil and India 154 South Africa 154 Brazil 156 India 157 Concluding Remarks 158 Notes 159 PART IV NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS Introduction 163 7 Disaster Risk: Conditions, Trends and Impacts 167 Disaster Terminology 167 The Scale of Disasters 168 Urbanization and Disaster Risk 169 Incidence of Natural and Human-Made Disasters 172
Contents xv The global incidence of disaster risk and loss 172 Natural disasters 172 Human-made disasters 174 National development and disaster loss 174 City-level comparisons of disaster risk 175 Disaster Impacts 177 Direct and systemic impacts of disaster 177 Ecological damage and the impacts of recovery 178 Economic effects of disasters 178 Economic production and infrastructure 178 Urban land markets 179 Social and political impacts of disaster 180 Gender and disaster 180 Age, disability and disaster 181 The political consequences of disaster 181 Cultural impacts of disaster 182 Urban Processes Generating Disaster Risk 183 Growth and diversity of urban areas 183 Environmental change and poverty in cities 185 Modifying the hazard environment 185 The Impact of Climate Change 186 The vulnerability of urban slums 186 Building control and land-use planning 187 Safe building construction 187 Land-use planning 188 International development policy and urban disaster risk 189 Comparative Analysis of <strong>Global</strong> Trends 189 Africa 189 Americas 190 Asia 191 Europe 192 Oceania 192 Concluding Remarks 192 Notes 193 8 Policy Responses to Disaster Risk 195 Disaster Risk Assessment 195 Hazard mapping 196 Mapping natural hazard 196 Mapping human-made hazard 197 Risk assessments for individual cities 197 Assessing human-made hazard risk 198 Participatory risk assessments 198 Challenges of urban risk assessments 200 Perceptions of risk 201 Strengthening Local Disaster Resilience 201 Social pathways 201 Legal approaches 203 Economic approaches 203 Challenges of building local capacity for risk reduction 204 Land-Use Planning 205 Extending land-use planning to informal settlements and slums 205 Building Codes, Regulation and Disaster-Resistant Construction 207 Planning to Protect Critical Infrastructure and Services 208 Early Warning 210 Risk knowledge and warning 210 Risk communication 210 Response capacity 211 Financing Urban Risk Management 211
Page 3: ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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