Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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414 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security Part 2: Urban Planning, ENV 14383–2, CEN Management Centre, Brussels, Belgium Center for Family Policy and Research (2006) The State of Children and Families: 2000, www.missouri.edu/ ~cfprwww/MOchildfam06.pdf Cernea, M. (1996) ‘Public policy responses to development: Induced population displacements’, Economic and Political Weekly 31(24): 1515–1523 Chang, H. J. (2003) Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective, Anthem Press, London Chege, L. W., C. J. Irene, R. Nadelman and B. Orr (2007) ‘Living with floods in Mozambique: Urban impact in a context of chronic disaster’, Unpublished case study prepared for <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Report</strong> on Human Settlements 2007 Chitere, P. O. and T. N. Kibual (2006) Efforts to Improve Road Safety in Kenya: Achievements and Limitations of Reforms in the Matatu Industry, Discussion Paper DP/081/2006, Institute of Policy Analysis and Research, Kenya, www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/ Resources/CountryDocuments/Road-Safety-Kenya- IPAR.pdf Christian Aid (undated) ‘In debt to disaster: What happened to Honduras after Hurricane Mitch?’, www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/9910inde/ indebt1.htm Christoplos, I. (2006) Links between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development in the Tsunami Response, Tsunami Evaluation Coalition, www.tsunami-evaluation.org Chua, A. (2003) World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and <strong>Global</strong> Instability, Random House, New York Cicolella, P. (1999) ‘<strong>Global</strong>izacion y dualizacion en la Region Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Grandes inversions y reestructuracion socioterritorial en los anos 90’, Estudios Urbanos y Regionales (EURE) 25(76), Instituto de Estudios Urbanos, Facultad de Arquitectura y Bellas Artes, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago de Chile Cities Alliance (2003) Annual <strong>Report</strong>, Washington, DC Clapham, A. (2006) Human Rights Obligations of Non- State Actors, Oxford University Press, Oxford Clark, D. (2000) ‘World urban development: Processes and patterns at the end of the twentieth century’, Geography 85(1): 15–23 Clarke, R. V. (1997) Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies, 2nd edition, Harrrow and Heston, Albany, NY Clarke, R.V. (2003) ‘Closing streets and alleys to reduce crime: Should you go down this road? Problemoriented guides for police response’, Response Guides Series, No 2, US Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Washington, DC, www.popcenter.org/Responses/PDFs/ Closing_alleys_and_streets.pdf Clarke, R. V. and M. Felson (1993) Routine Activity and Rational Choice: Advances in Criminology Theory, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, NJ Clichevsky, N. (2003) ‘Urban land markets and disasters: Floods in Argentina’s cities’, in A. Kreimer, M. Arnold and A. Carlin (eds) Building Safer Cities: The Future of Disaster Risk, Disaster Risk Management Series No 3, World Bank, Washington, DC, pp165–176 Cohen, M. A. (1974) Urban Policy and Political Conflict in Africa: A Study of the Ivory Coast, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL Cohen, M., B. Ruble, J. Tulchin and A. Garland (eds) (1996) Preparing the Urban Future: <strong>Global</strong> Pressures and Local Forces, The Woodrow Wilson Center Press and the Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore COHRE (Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions) (1999) Forced Evictions and Human Rights: A Manual for Action, Sources No 3, COHRE, Geneva COHRE (2000) Successfully Resisting Forced Eviction: Case Studies, COHRE, Geneva COHRE (2002) Forced Evictions: Violations of Human Rights, <strong>Global</strong> Survey No 8, COHRE, Geneva COHRE (2003) Forced Evictions: Violations of Human Rights, <strong>Global</strong> Survey No 9, COHRE, Geneva COHRE (2006) Forced Evictions: Violations of Human Rights, <strong>Global</strong> Survey No 10, COHRE, Geneva Coker, A. L., K. E. Davis, I. Arias, S. Desai, M. Sanderson, H. M. Brandt and P. H. Smith (2002) ‘Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 23(4): 260–268 Collier, P. and A. Hoeffler (2004) ‘Murder by numbers: Comparisons and inter-relationships between homicide and war’, www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/ 2004-GPRaHDiA/papers/3m–HoefflerCollier– CSAE2004.pdf Collins, D. C. A. and R. A. Kearns (2005) ‘Geographies of inequality: Child pedestrian injury and walking school buses in Auckland, New Zealand’, Social Science and Medicine 60: 61–69 Colquhoun, I. (2004) Design out Crime: Creating Safe and Sustainable Communities, Architectural Press, Oxford Commission for <strong>Global</strong> Road Safety (2006) Make Roads Safe: A New Priority for Sustainable Development, Commission for <strong>Global</strong> Road Safety, www.makeroadssafe.org/documents/make_roads_ safe_low_res.pdf Commission on Human Security (2003) Human Security Now: Protecting and Empowering People, New York Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (2006a) Overview Paper, http://legalempowerment.undp.org/ pdf/Overview.pdf Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (2006b) <strong>Report</strong> from South America (Brazil), http://legalempow erment.undp.org/pdf/SouthAmerica_report.pdf Comte, S., M. Wardman and G. Whelan (2000) ‘Drivers’ acceptance of automatic speed limiters: Implications for policy and implementation’, Transport Policy 7: 259–267 Conchesco T. G. (2003) Protecting New Health Facilities from Natural Disasters: Guidelines for the Promotion of Disaster Mitigation, PAHO/WHO, Washington, DC Consortium for Street Children (2003) Frequently Asked Questions, www.streetchildren.org.uk/ Cornelius, W. A. (1969) ‘Urbanization as an agent in Latin American political instability: The case of Mexico’, American Political Science Review 63(3): 833–857 Cousins, B., T. Cousins, D. Hornby, R. Kingwill, L. Royston and W. Smit (2005) ‘Will formalising property rights reduce poverty in South Africa’s “second economy”?’, Policy Brief: Debating Land Reform, Natural Resources and Poverty, No 18, PLAAS, Cape Town, South Africa Cozens, P. M., T. Pascoe and D. Hillier (2004) ‘Critically reviewing the theory and practice of secured-bydesign for residential new-build housing in Britain’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety 6(1): 13–29 Cross, J. A. (2001) ‘Megacities and small towns: Different perspectives on hazard vulnerability’, Environmental Hazards 3(2): 63–80
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Hijar, (2003) Improving Safety by Reducing Impaired Driving in Developing Countries: A Scoping Study, TRL Unpublished Project <strong>Report</strong> PR/INT/724/03.TRL, Crowthorne, UK Davis, M. (2006a) Planet of Slums, Verso, London Davis, M. (2006b) ‘Who is killing New Orleans’, The Nation, 10 April 2006, pp11–20 De Cesare, D. (1997) ‘De la Guerra Civil a la Guerra de Pandillas: Crecimiento de las Pandillas de Los Angeles en El Salvador’, in Proceedings of PAHO Adolescent and Youth Gang Violence Prevention Workshop, 7–9 May, San Salvador, PAHO, Washington, DC de Soto, H. (2000) The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else, Black Swan Books, London Decker, D., D. Shichor and R. O’Brien (1982) Urban Sructure and Victimization, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA Dedeurwaerdere, A. (1998) Cost-Benefit Analysis for Natural Disaster Management: A Case Study in the Philippines, CRED, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium Deininger, K. (2003) Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction: A World Bank Policy Research <strong>Report</strong>, World Bank, Washington, DC and Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York del Frate, A. (2003) ‘The voice of victims of crime: Estimating the true level of conventional crime’, Forum on Crime and Society 3(1, 2): 127–140 Delgado, J., M. E. Ramirez-Cardich, and R. H. Gilam (2002) ‘Risk factors for burns in children: Crowding poverty and poor maternal education’, Injury Prevention 8(1): 38–41 Denner, J., D. Kirby, K. Coyle and C. Brindis (2001) ‘The protective role of social capital and cultural norms in Latino communities: A study of adolescent births’, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 23(1): 3–21 DETR (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions) (2000) Our Towns and Cities: The Future: Delivering an Urban Renaissance, HMSO (Her Majesty’s Stationery Office), London Devereux, S. (1999) Making Less Last Longer: Informal Safety Nets in Malawi, IDS Discussion Paper 373, Institute for Development Studies, Sussex, UK DFID (Department for International Development) (2005) Disaster Risk Reduction: A Development Concern, DFID, London DFID (2006) Reducing the Risk of Disasters: Helping to Achieve Sustainable Poverty Reduction in a Vulnerable World: A DFID Policy Paper, DFID, London Diamond, J. (2005) Collapse: How Societies Decide to Fail or Succeed, Viking Books, New York Dill, K. and M. Pelling (2006) Case Studies of Natural Disasters and Political Change, Working Paper No 1, Department of Geography, King’s College London, London Dilley, M., R. S.Chen, U. Deichmann, A. L. Lerner-Lam, M. Arnold, J. Agwe, P. Buys, O. Kjekstad, B. Lyon, and G. Yetman (2005) Natural Disaster Hotspots: A <strong>Global</strong> Risk Analysis, World Bank, Washington, DC, www.proventionconsortium.org/ ?pageid=37&publicationid=38#38 Dimitriou, H. T. 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Royston (eds) Holding Their Ground: Secure Land Tenure for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries, Earthscan, London, pp1–26 ECA (Economic Commission for Africa) and WHO (World Health Organization) (2007) Accra Declaration, Ministerial Roundtable, African Road Safety Conference, Accra, Ghana, 8 February 2007, www.fiafoundation.com/resources/documents/ 1406060961ministerialdeclarationofroadsafety conferenceaccra.pdf Eck, J. (1997) ‘Preventing crime at places’, in L. W. Sherman, D. C. Gottfredson, D. C. Mackenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter and S. D. Bushway (eds) Preventing Crime:
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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Policy responses to disaster risk 1
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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11 CHAPTER ENHANCING TENURE SECURIT
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276 Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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308 Summary of case studies tions w
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310 Summary of case studies environ
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312 Summary of case studies others.
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314 Summary of case studies purpose
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316 Summary of case studies These e
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318 Summary of case studies develop
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320 Summary of case studies tion ex
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322 Summary of case studies Housing
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324 Summary of case studies Prolong
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326 Summary of case studies momentu
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330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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332 Statistical annex NOMENCLATURE
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334 Statistical annex Population, u
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336 Statistical annex SOURCES OF DA
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Page 467 and 468: INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Page 481 and 482: Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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