Global Report on Human Settlements 2007 - PoA-ISS

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358 Enhancing Urban Safety and Security TABLE B.4 continued 2000 2010 2020 2030 2000– 2010– 2020– 2005– 2010– 2015– 2020– 2025– 2010 2020 2030 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Bahamas 69 75 83 86 0.89 0.91 0.40 3 4 3 2 1 Barbados 84 92 99 103 0.96 0.66 0.40 4 4 3 2 2 Belize 49 65 88 106 2.94 2.96 1.92 8 11 11 10 9 Bolivia 1,614 2,012 2,478 2,947 2.20 2.09 1.73 209 226 241 238 231 Brazil 46,222 58,891 69,580 79,434 2.42 1.67 1.32 6,193 5,497 5,192 5,031 4,823 Chile 4,188 5,315 6,525 7,682 2.38 2.05 1.63 603 605 606 591 566 Colombia 8,735 11,341 14,222 16,944 2.61 2.26 1.75 1,337 1,451 1,431 1,385 1,337 Costa Rica 1,002 1,397 1,775 2,164 3.33 2.39 1.98 196 190 187 193 196 Cuba 4,025 4,681 5,219 5,529 1.51 1.09 0.58 356 297 241 174 136 Dominica 21 25 29 32 1.58 1.50 1.11 2 2 2 2 2 Dominican Republic 2,033 2,626 3,249 3,824 2.56 2.13 1.63 314 317 307 292 282 Ecuador 3,023 4,019 5,127 6,178 2.85 2.44 1.86 518 552 556 543 507 El Salvador 1,678 2,277 2,978 3,734 3.05 2.68 2.26 308 345 355 380 376 French Guiana 41 58 76 95 3.43 2.73 2.20 9 9 9 9 9 Grenada 28 33 41 48 1.75 2.09 1.65 4 4 4 4 4 Guadeloupe 132 151 166 179 1.33 0.99 0.76 9 8 7 7 6 Guatemala 1,757 2,282 2,969 3,719 2.62 2.63 2.25 286 325 362 376 374 Guyana 157 162 156 143 0.31 -0.37 -0.89 1 -1 -5 -7 -7 Haiti 1,528 1,969 2,382 2,861 2.54 1.90 1.83 239 200 213 222 257 Honduras 1,175 1,651 2,237 2,827 3.40 3.04 2.34 256 288 298 297 293 Jamaica 507 514 510 485 0.14 -0.07 -0.51 1 1 -5 -11 -14 Martinique 124 138 149 154 1.13 0.73 0.35 7 6 5 3 2 Mexico 23,251 28,985 34,677 39,358 2.20 1.79 1.27 2,854 2,887 2,806 2,528 2,153 Netherlands Antilles 55 65 76 86 1.71 1.56 1.20 5 6 5 5 5 Nicaragua 814 1,117 1,526 1,964 3.16 3.12 2.52 163 195 214 220 218 Panama 731 975 1,237 1,486 2.88 2.38 1.83 127 131 131 127 122 Paraguay 1,159 1,675 2,294 3,017 3.68 3.14 2.74 275 300 319 347 377 Peru 5,714 7,205 8,775 10,175 2.32 1.97 1.48 781 791 780 737 663 Puerto Rico 1,167 1,310 1,465 1,607 1.16 1.11 0.93 68 77 78 75 67 Saint Lucia 42 50 58 63 1.72 1.39 0.97 4 4 4 3 3 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 32 37 40 42 1.42 0.95 0.43 3 2 2 1 1 Suriname 108 121 131 136 1.11 0.84 0.35 3 6 4 3 2 Trinidad and Tobago 293 329 334 334 1.15 0.14 0.01 14 5 0 -1 1 United States Virgin Islands 30 33 35 35 0.97 0.50 0.06 2 1 1 0 0 Uruguay 1,025 1,149 1,281 1,405 1.15 1.09 0.92 65 64 68 64 60 Venezuela 5,343 7,112 9,004 10,840 2.86 2.36 1.86 927 946 946 942 894 NORTHERN AMERICA 122,085 145,062 167,859 188,393 1.72 1.46 1.15 11,849 11,894 10,903 10,249 10,285 Bermuda 26 30 33 35 1.45 0.98 0.68 2 2 1 1 1 Canada 12,504 15,337 18,072 20,714 2.04 1.64 1.36 1,408 1,424 1,312 1,303 1,338 Greenland 23 26 29 32 1.37 1.11 0.86 2 2 1 1 1 United States of America 109,531 129,667 149,721 167,609 1.69 1.44 1.13 10,437 10,467 9,587 8,943 8,944 OCEANIA 10,445 12,686 15,040 17,448 1.94 1.70 1.49 1,135 1,161 1,192 1,203 1,205 American Samoa 12 16 21 25 2.64 2.43 2.06 2 2 2 2 2 Australia 7,340 8,918 10,559 12,175 1.95 1.69 1.42 802 819 822 808 809 Fiji 155 179 194 207 1.44 0.83 0.62 11 9 7 7 5 French Polynesia 54 67 80 89 2.13 1.72 1.09 7 6 6 5 4 Guam 35 40 47 51 1.43 1.69 0.81 3 4 3 2 2 Kiribati 20 24 30 33 1.78 2.10 1.19 2 3 3 2 2 Marshall Islands 12 16 22 26 3.13 3.04 1.68 2 3 3 2 2 Micronesia (Fed. States of) 24 25 27 26 0.44 0.77 -0.39 1 1 1 0 -1 New Caledonia 56 70 86 100 2.27 2.07 1.45 7 8 8 7 6 New Zealand 1,411 1,672 1,909 2,127 1.69 1.32 1.08 126 119 118 111 107 Northern Mariana Islands 16 20 24 26 2.47 1.86 0.86 2 2 2 1 1 Papua New Guinea 1,133 1,424 1,783 2,257 2.28 2.25 2.36 150 164 195 232 243 Samoa 35 39 43 47 0.97 1.00 0.93 2 2 2 2 2 Solomon Islands 69 92 120 151 2.99 2.59 2.33 12 13 14 15 16 Tonga 22 23 25 25 0.81 0.65 0.15 1 1 1 0 0 Vanuatu 35 42 50 58 2.01 1.73 1.51 4 4 4 4 4 Source: UN-Habitat, 2006 updates. Estimates and projections Annual rate of change Five-year increment (000) (%) (000)
Data tables 359 TABLE B.5 Environmental Infrastructure Improved drinking water coverage Household connection to improved drinking water Improved sanitation coverage Total (%) Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Urban (%) Rural (%) 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 AFRICA Algeria 94 85 99 88 89 80 49 41 66 74 46 58 88 92 99 99 77 82 Angola 36 53 23 75 40 40 0 6 1 15 0 1 29 31 61 56 18 16 Benin 63 67 73 78 57 57 7 12 18 25 1 2 12 33 32 59 2 11 Botswana 93 95 100 100 88 90 24 46 40 62 13 28 38 42 61 57 21 25 Burkina Faso 38 61 61 94 34 54 4 6 24 31 1 0 7 13 32 42 3 6 Burundi 69 90 97 92 67 77 3 5 32 42 1 1 44 36 42 47 44 35 Cameroon 50 66 77 86 31 44 12 14 26 25 2 2 21 48 43 63 7 33 Cape Verde … 80 … 86 … 73 … 25 … 41 4 4 … 43 … 61 … 19 Central African Republic 52 75 74 93 39 61 2 4 4 9 0 0 23 27 34 47 17 12 Chad 19 42 41 41 13 43 2 4 10 10 0 2 7 9 28 24 2 4 Comoros 93 86 98 92 91 82 31 14 50 31 23 4 32 33 62 41 20 29 Congo … 58 … 84 … 27 … 28 … 49 4 4 … 27 … 28 … 25 Côte d’Ivoire 69 84 73 97 67 74 21 21 47 48 4 5 21 37 37 46 10 29 Dem. Republic of the Congo 43 46 90 82 25 29 25 10 89 32 0 1 16 30 53 42 1 25 Djibouti 72 73 76 76 59 59 25 16 41 41 5 5 79 82 88 88 50 50 Egypt 94 98 97 99 92 97 61 85 89 99 40 74 54 70 70 86 42 58 Equatorial Guinea … 43 … 45 … 42 4 8 12 17 0 0 … 53 … 60 … 46 Eritrea 43 60 62 74 39 57 6 9 40 42 0 0 7 9 44 32 0 3 Ethiopia 23 22 81 81 15 11 0 5 2 32 0 0 3 13 13 44 2 7 Gabon … 88 95 95 … 47 … 45 … 52 … 8 … 36 … 37 … 30 Gambia … 82 95 95 … 77 … 12 … 39 3 3 … 53 … 72 … 46 Ghana 55 75 86 88 37 64 16 19 40 37 2 4 15 18 23 27 10 11 Guinea 44 50 74 78 34 35 9 11 31 28 1 1 14 18 27 31 10 11 Guinea-Bissau … 59 … 79 … 49 … 5 … 15 0 0 … 35 … 57 … 23 Kenya 45 61 91 83 30 46 23 28 59 52 11 12 40 43 48 46 37 41 Lesotho … 79 … 92 … 76 4 16 18 53 1 8 37 37 61 61 32 32 Liberia 55 61 85 72 34 52 11 0 21 1 3 0 39 27 59 49 24 7 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 71 … 72 … 68 … 54 … 54 … 55 … 97 97 97 97 96 96 Madagascar 40 46 80 77 27 35 7 6 28 16 1 2 14 32 27 48 10 26 Malawi 40 73 90 98 33 68 7 7 44 29 2 2 47 61 64 62 45 61 Mali 34 50 50 78 29 36 2 11 8 29 0 2 36 46 50 59 32 39 Mauritania 38 53 32 59 43 44 12 25 20 32 5 13 31 34 42 49 22 8 Mauritius 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 … 94 95 95 … 94 Morocco 75 81 94 99 58 56 41 57 75 86 9 17 56 73 87 88 27 52 Mozambique 36 43 83 72 24 26 8 8 33 18 1 2 20 32 49 53 12 19 Namibia 57 87 99 98 42 81 29 48 83 77 10 33 24 25 70 50 8 13 Niger 39 46 62 80 35 36 3 8 19 35 0 0 7 13 35 43 2 4 Nigeria 49 48 80 67 33 31 14 9 32 15 4 3 39 44 51 53 33 36 Rwanda 59 74 88 92 57 69 1 8 24 34 0 1 37 42 49 56 36 38 Saint Helena … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … Senegal 65 76 89 92 49 60 22 46 50 75 4 17 33 57 53 79 19 34 Seychelles 88 88 100 100 75 75 88 88 100 100 75 75 … … … … 100 100 Sierra Leone … 57 … 75 … 46 … 12 … 30 1 1 … 39 … 53 … 30 Somalia … 29 … 32 … 27 1 1 3 3 0 0 … 26 … 48 … 14 South Africa 83 88 98 99 69 73 55 64 87 87 24 32 69 65 85 79 53 46 Sudan 64 70 85 78 57 64 34 26 75 46 19 13 33 34 53 50 26 24 Swaziland … 62 … 87 … 54 … 23 … 52 … 14 … 48 … 59 … 44 Togo 50 52 81 80 37 36 4 4 14 12 0 0 37 35 71 71 24 15 Tunisia 81 93 95 99 62 82 61 74 87 94 26 38 75 85 96 96 70 72 Uganda 44 60 80 87 40 56 3 1 24 7 0 0 42 43 54 54 41 41 United Republic of Tanzania 46 62 85 85 35 49 10 18 33 43 3 3 47 47 52 53 45 43 Zambia 50 58 86 90 27 40 23 16 53 41 3 2 41 55 63 59 31 52 Zimbabwe 78 81 100 98 69 72 34 32 97 91 8 5 50 53 69 63 42 47 ASIA Afghanistan 4 39 10 63 3 31 1 4 6 15 0 0 3 34 7 49 2 29 Armenia … 92 99 99 … 80 87 86 97 97 68 66 … 83 96 96 … 61 Azerbaijan 68 77 82 95 51 59 43 47 66 76 16 19 … 54 … 73 … 36 Bahrain … … 100 100 … … … … 100 100 … … … … 100 100 … … Bangladesh 72 74 83 82 69 72 6 6 28 24 0 0 20 39 55 51 12 35 Bhutan … 62 … 86 … 60 … … … 81 … … … 70 … 65 … 70 Cambodia … 41 … 64 … 35 … 9 … 36 … 2 … 17 … 53 … 8 China 70 77 99 93 59 67 48 69 81 87 36 57 23 44 64 69 7 28 Cyprus 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Dem. People’s Republic of Korea 100 100 100 100 100 100 … 77 … 81 … 71 … 59 … 58 … 60 Georgia 80 82 91 96 67 67 50 57 75 85 19 28 97 94 99 96 94 91 India 70 86 89 95 64 83 19 19 53 47 8 8 14 33 45 59 3 22 Indonesia 72 77 92 87 63 69 10 17 27 30 2 6 46 55 65 73 37 40 Iran (Islamic Republic of) 92 94 99 99 84 84 84 … 96 96 69 … 83 … 86 … 78 … Iraq 83 81 97 97 50 50 76 74 94 94 33 33 81 79 95 95 48 48 Israel 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 98 … … 100 100 … … Japan 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 96 98 98 91 91 100 100 100 100 100 100 Jordan 97 97 99 99 91 91 94 93 97 96 87 81 93 93 97 94 82 87 Kazakhstan 87 86 97 97 73 73 62 62 89 89 27 27 72 72 87 87 52 52 Kyrgyzstan 78 77 98 98 66 66 47 45 79 79 27 27 60 59 75 75 51 51 Lao People’s Dem. Republic … 51 … 79 … 43 … 14 … 44 6 6 … 30 … 67 … 20 Lebanon 100 100 100 100 100 100 … 98 100 100 … 85 … 98 100 100 … 87 Malaysia 98 99 100 100 96 96 … 94 98 98 … 87 … 94 … 95 … 93 Maldives 96 83 100 98 95 76 20 22 77 76 0 0 … 59 100 100 … 42
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ENHANCING URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY
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First published by Earthscan in the
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INTRODUCTION Enhancing Urban Safety
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of
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x Enhancing Urban Safety and Securi
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xviii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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LIST OF FIGURES, BOXES AND TABLES F
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xxx Enhancing Urban Safety and Secu
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xxxii Enhancing Urban Safety and Se
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4 Understanding Urban Safety and Se
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1 CHAPTER CURRENT THREATS TO URBAN
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Current threats to urban safety and
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2 CHAPTER VULNERABILITY, RISK AND R
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Vulnerability, risk and resilience:
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29 simply ‘give up’ in the face
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46 Urban crime and violence Box II.
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48 Urban crime and violence it has
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50 Urban crime and violence Formal
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52 Urban crime and violence Contact
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54 Urban crime and violence Per 100
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56 Urban crime and violence Burglar
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58 Urban crime and violence Percent
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60 Urban crime and violence Figure
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62 Urban crime and violence Table 3
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64 Urban crime and violence Youth g
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68 Urban crime and violence Type of
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70 Urban crime and violence From a
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72 Urban crime and violence One vio
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74 Urban crime and violence High ho
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76 Urban crime and violence Abused
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78 Urban crime and violence General
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82 Urban crime and violence porate
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4 CHAPTER URBAN CRIME AND VIOLENCE:
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86 Urban crime and violence UN-Habi
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88 Urban crime and violence Box 4.2
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90 Urban crime and violence Box 4.4
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92 Urban crime and violence Legisla
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94 Urban crime and violence above w
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96 Urban crime and violence Campaig
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98 Urban crime and violence Availab
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100 Urban crime and violence Box 4.
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102 Urban crime and violence In som
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104 Urban crime and violence Initia
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106 Urban crime and violence The mo
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108 Urban crime and violence Vander
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112 Security of tenure Box III.1 Se
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5 CHAPTER SECURITY OF TENURE: CONDI
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116 Security of tenure Table 5.1 A
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118 Security of tenure Fully legal
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120 Security of tenure Box 5.4 Secu
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122 Security of tenure Urban tenure
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124 Security of tenure At least 2 m
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126 Security of tenure Market-based
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128 Security of tenure Box 5.11 Urb
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130 Security of tenure Operation Mu
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132 Security of tenure Control of l
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134 Security of tenure Box 5.18 Sec
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136 Security of tenure NOTES 1 Habi
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138 Security of tenure Box 6.1 The
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140 Security of tenure It would be
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142 Security of tenure Box 6.7 Land
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144 Security of tenure Box 6.10 Wha
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146 Security of tenure Box 6.12 Evi
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148 Security of tenure Box 6.15 Con
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150 Security of tenure Box 6.18 Vio
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152 Security of tenure The
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154 Security of tenure Box 6.24 Lan
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156 Security of tenure The state is
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158 Security of tenure Housing righ
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Over the last three decades, natura
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Introduction 165 One of the key tre
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7 CHAPTER DISASTER RISK: CONDITIONS
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Disaster risk: Conditions, trends a
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8 CHAPTER POLICY RESPONSES TO DISAS
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220 Natural and human-made disaster
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236 Towards safer and more secure c
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12 CHAPTER MITIGATING THE IMPACTS O
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304 Summary of case studies Since i
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306 Summary of case studies • The
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Page 364 and 365: 330 Statistical annex Islands, Micr
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410 TABLE C.7 continued Enhancing U
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INDEX ACHR (Asian Coalition for Hou
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Index 435 security of tenure 134 co
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Index 437 domestic abuse see intima
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Index 439 hazard management 169 haz
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Index 441 Kosovo, security of tenur
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Index 443 participation 38, 296-299
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Index 445 individual 34-35 municipa
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Index 447 gun ownership 78 Homeless
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