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Elemente de algebra liniara.pdf

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Ecuat¸ii ¸si sisteme <strong>de</strong> ecuatii diferent¸iale liniare 143<br />

Demonstrat¸ie. Arătăm mai întâi prin induct¸ie că<br />

Avem<br />

D k (e rx ϕ) = e rx (D + r) k ϕ.<br />

D (e rx ϕ) = e rx Dϕ + re rx ϕ = e rx (D + r)ϕ.<br />

Presupunând că D k (e rx ϕ) = e rx (D + r) k ϕ obt¸inem<br />

D k+1 (e rx ϕ) = D(e rx (D + r) k ϕ) = e rx (D + r)(D + r) k ϕ = e rx (D + r) k+1 ϕ.<br />

Dacă Q(r) = α0 r m + α1 r m−1 + · · · + αm−1r + αm atunci<br />

Q(D) (e rx ϕ) =α0 D m (e rx ϕ)+α1 D m−1 (e rx ϕ)+ · · · +αm−1 D(e rx ϕ)+αme rx ϕ<br />

=e rx [α0 (D+r) m +α1 (D+r) m−1 + · · · +αm−1 (D+r)+αm]ϕ<br />

= e rx Q(D + r)ϕ.<br />

Propozit¸ia 7.21 Solut¸ia generală a ecuat¸iei<br />

este<br />

(D − r) k y = 0<br />

y(x) = c0 e rx + c1 x e rx + · · · + ck−1 x k−1 e rx .<br />

Demonstrat¸ie. Conform propozit¸iei anterioare avem relat¸a<br />

D k (e −rx y) = e −rx (D − r) k y<br />

care arată că ecuat¸ia (D − r) k y = 0 este echivalentă cu ecuat¸ia<br />

care implică<br />

adică<br />

D k (e −rx y) = 0<br />

e −rx y(x) = c0 + c1 x + · · · + ck−1 x k−1<br />

y(x) = c0 e rx + c1 x e rx + · · · + ck−1 x k−1 e rx .

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