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Elemente de algebra liniara.pdf

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Spat¸ii vectoriale 43<br />

Demonstrat¸ie. Avem<br />

x, y ∈ W<br />

α, β ∈ K<br />

<br />

=⇒<br />

x, y ∈ W1<br />

x, y ∈ W2<br />

α, β ∈ K<br />

⎫<br />

⎪⎬<br />

⎪⎭<br />

=⇒ αx + βy ∈ W1<br />

αx + βy ∈ W2<br />

<br />

=⇒ αx + βy ∈ W.<br />

Observat¸ia 2.10 In general, reuniunea a două subspat¸ii vectoriale ale unui spat¸iu<br />

vectorial V nu este un subspat¸iu vectorial. De exemplu,<br />

W1 = {(x, 0) | x ∈ R} si W2 = {(0, y) | y ∈ R}<br />

sunt subspat¸ii vectoriale ale lui R 2 , dar W = W1 ∪ W2 nu este subspat¸iu vectorial al<br />

lui R 2 . Intr-a<strong>de</strong>văr, (1, 0) ∈ W ¸si (0, 1) ∈ W dar (1, 0) + (0, 1) = (1, 1) ∈ W .<br />

Propozit¸ia 2.27 Dacă W1 ⊆ V ¸si W2 ⊆ V sunt subspat¸ii vectoriale atunci<br />

este subspat¸iu vectorial al lui V .<br />

Demonstrat¸ie. Avem<br />

w1 + w2 ∈ W1 + W2<br />

w ′ 1 + w′ 2 ∈ W1 + W2<br />

α, β ∈ K<br />

W1 + W2 = {w1 + w2 | w1 ∈ W1, w2 ∈ W2}<br />

⎫<br />

⎪⎬<br />

⎪⎭ =⇒<br />

⎧<br />

⎨<br />

⎩<br />

α(w1 + w2) + β(w ′ 1 + w′ 2 )<br />

= (αw1 + βw ′ 1 ) + (αw2 + βw ′ 2 ) ∈ W1 + W2.<br />

Definit¸ia 2.28 Fie W1, W2 două subspat¸ii vectoriale ale lui V . Subspat¸iul vectorial<br />

W1 + W2 = {w1 + w2 | w1 ∈ W1, w2 ∈ W2}<br />

se nume¸ste suma subspat¸iilor W1 ¸si W2.<br />

Exercit¸iul 2.21 Să se arate că:<br />

a) W1 = {(x, 0) | x ∈ R} este subspat¸iu vectorial al lui R 2 .<br />

b) W1 = {(0, y) | y ∈ R} este subspat¸iu vectorial al lui R 2 .<br />

c) W1 + W2 = R 2 .<br />

Teorema 2.29 (a dimensiunii) Dacă W1 ¸si W2 sunt subspat¸ii ale lui V atunci<br />

dim (W1 + W2) = dim W1 + dim W2 − dim (W1 ∩ W2).

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