Exploring the Unknown - NASA's History Office

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152 The Office of the Coordinator for International Communication and Information Policy, together with others concerned with the issue, are working with your staff on these and additional issues emanating from the Presidential determination. The Honorable Malcolm Baldridge, Secretary of Commerce. cc: Chairman Mark Fowler [57] Appendix B Sincerely yours, [hand-signed: “George”] George P. Shultz [58] THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Washington, D.C. 20230 Honorable Mark S. Fowler Chairman Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 Dear Mr. Chairman: THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS November 28, 1984 The President has determined that separate international communications satellite systems are required in the national interest. He has also directed that we inform the Federal Communications Commission of criteria necessary to ensure the United States meets its international obligations and to further its telecommunications and foreign policy interests. Prior to final authorization by the Commission of any systems, to assure that the United States meets its obligations as a Party to the Agreement Establishing the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) (TIAS 7532): (1) each system is to be restricted to providing services through the sale or long-term lease of transponders or space segment capacity for communications not interconnected with public-switched message networks (except for emergency restoration service); and, (2) one or more foreign authorities are to authorize use of each system and enter into consultation procedures with the United States Party under Article XIV(d) of the INTELSAT Agreement to ensure technical compatibility and to avoid significant economic harm. The President’s determination, its conditions, and these criteria are premised on our review of the issues prompted by the applications now before the Commission. If proposals substantially different are forthcoming, further Executive Branch review may be required. The Commission should afford interested parties an opportunity to submit timely comments on the pending applications in view of these Executive Branch recommendations.
A memorandum of law concerning Article XIV of the INTELSAT Agreement is enclosed. Sincerely, [hand-signed: “George P. Shultz”] [hand-signed: “Malcolm Baldridge”] Secretary of State Secretary of Commerce Enclosure . . . EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 153
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Exploring Unknown the Selected Docu
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I-11 President John F. Kennedy to H
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II-2 S.M. Greenfield and W.W. Kello
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II-23 Arnold W. Frutkin, Memorandum
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II-46-II-48 Gregory W. Withee, Acti
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III-18 “Space Commercialization M
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Acknowledgments This volume is the
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Introduction One of the most import
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The editorial method we adopted for
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Joseph N. Pelton is a professor of
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GAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter One The History of Satellit
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 3 satellite f
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 5 different v
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 7 satellite s
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 9 This unique
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 11 technology
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 13 7. In the
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 15 16. The re
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applies only to the closest possibl
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 19 arrangemen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 21 Conclusion
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entific and engineering work and to
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observations indicated strong refle
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 27 Oval-shape
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Number of Randomly Spaced Satellite
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Document I-4 Document Title: Memora
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 33 6. How can
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 35 RECOMMENDA
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[3] 2. SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL FEATURE
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[28] 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 41 d. NASA’
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 43 [1] PUBLIC
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EXPERIMENTATION The Commission is e
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 47 During dis
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facilities in intercontinental comm
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Ground Transmitting Station at Holm
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 53 diodes, so
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 55 Bell Telep
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 57 Our estima
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 59 implicatio
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 61 as quickly
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 63 Commission
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 65 Document t
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 67 licenses,
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 69 opment of
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 71 any system
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In the end, the administration bill
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 75 program in
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your bill and some of the major asp
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 79 1934, as a
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 81 or appropr
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U.S.C. 310) [citation in margin:
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interest; and (iii) an evaluation o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 87 ment on Ap
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 89 aspects of
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Document title: Memorandum from J.
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 93 tiated by
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cations satellite system rather tha
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___________________________________
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telegram are as follows: (A) Policy
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Page 167 and 168: EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 145 the devel
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Page 173: [55] THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE Wash
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204 required for Project TIROS in e
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206 OBSERVING THE EARTH FROM SPACE
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212 [1] [rubber stamped: “AUG 15
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214 These two letters, one from Con
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220 Budget Authority (BA) and Outla
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224 Document II-11 Document title:
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232 International Applications Area
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236 Agricultural Geographic Geologi
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240 that a number of important user
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242 [1] For the Record SAR/Robert G
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244 make every effort to ensure tha
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246 monitor the earth’s volcanoes
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250 with us in this area). Encourag
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254 the memorandum be explicitly br
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256 should officially participate i
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258 [1] APR 14, 1970 Honorable Walt
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260 One persuasive argument for cre
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262 General Assembly’s First Comm
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264 [1] July 24, 1974 Summary OBSER
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270 in the months following the lau
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274 their goals by making improved
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278 recommended that continuity of
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280 gap in data availability would
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282 ment—considering the budgetar
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284 vices required for a multipurpo
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286 and for maintaining archives of
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292 D. Conclusions and Consequences
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298 Assumptions This document was d
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304 training and technology transfe
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306 the payment of appropriate fees
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308 • The sub-issues that will ne
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314 development, either alone or in
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316 rity and foreign policy implica
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320 report or explicitly address th
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330 [no pagination] PUBLIC LAW 98-3
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344 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
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346 [no pagination] For Immediate R
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348 This management plan spells out
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350 funding adjustments as agreed t
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352 Includes: • Ground System Dev
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368 TITLE VI—PROHIBITION OF COMME
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370 Document II-42 Honorable George
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372 The Honorable John H. Gibbons A
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374 (b) Make government-owned Lands
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376 The letter from NOAA’s Gregor
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378 There is currently considerable
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380 7. During periods when national
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Chapter Three Space as an Investmen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 387 However,
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 389 sectors o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 391 the devel
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 393 during th
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 395 Internati
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 397 Committee
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 399 are not s
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still many hurdles for the space in
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[1] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS EXPLORI
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 405 developme
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important role in raising funds for
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nomic growth. The focus was on aggr
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the quality of goods and services d
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findings indicated that most of the
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This study showed an overall seven-
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sible to forecast the impacts on ma
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Our formulation of γ is as follows
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 421 Table 4 I
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already shown above (Table 5) the m
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Significance of Findings Significan
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David Cross and I will be glad to d
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 429 • The d
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 431 [i] NASA
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 433 The major
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their momentous insight when they d
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The direct social impact of NASA co
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[32] Microwave Systems Internal Gas
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[34] Internal Gas Dynamics Telemetr
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Impact of NASA Combinations High Mo
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Percentage of Economic Impact Alrea
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“less” to a “more” preferre
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[8] 4. NASTRAN NASTRAN (NASA Struct
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The following sections will discuss
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Diff. From Baseline, Thousands Figu
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 455 expenditu
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[2] II. CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
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10. Private Launch Ranges: The Admi
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products and services to the avoida
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— With respect to technologies ge
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 465 presence
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 467 (c) DoD,
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(4) To stimulate private sector inv
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 471 (iii)Supp
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develop design guidelines for futur
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B. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Satelli
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Tended Facilities (MTFs) each offer
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amount of R&D activity which can be
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Long-Term Prospects for Development
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[261] Environment: 1) Monitoring po
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 485 ly possib
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In many religions the wealth of the
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 489 [no pagin
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 491 The follo
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 493 commercia
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 495 The first
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 497 tion was
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August 3, 1983 Space Commercializat
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 501 Outline o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 503 space ind
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 505 guide, di
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of a dollar of profit from future o
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Return on Investment*—$M 50 40 30
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the desired average expected return
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Patents Trade Secrets Liabilities I
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Risk Adjusted Return on Investment
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 517 Implement
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As they look to the turn of the cen
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Exports (Dollar Per Capita) $500 $4
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Supply (Years) Rate of Increase 200
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 525 Table 1.
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Investment Cost Per Satellite Voice
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 529 (4) Altho
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For five of the thirty-two the terr
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Projected Annual and Cumulative Rev
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 535 growth, a
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 537 that firm
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this study could exercise the syste
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Our recent work with live cell mate
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[no page number] Annual Gross Sales
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to ensure that its accounting syste
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Proposal for Enhancing NASA Technol
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e) A Special Mission Development Di
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“NASA Social Impact,” I have su
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flow of technology information to s
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1976. This figure includes net bene
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 557 It is imp
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 559 Document
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 561 earlier b
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Finally, the medical end use catego
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 565 (3) provi
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 567 Effective
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 569 [10] A br
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 571 [14] POLI
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 573 activitie
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NASA’s technology transfer progra
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 577 Tech Brie
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Ralph Braibanti joined the Departme
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F Philip J. Farley (1916- ) earned
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Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) (D-TX
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M Leonard H. Marks was one of the o
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Robert C. Seamans, Jr. (1918- ), ha
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Robert M. White (1923- ) served as
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Bullington, Kenneth, 25 Bush, Georg
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Defense Satellite Communications Sy
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I Indiana University, 388 Initial D
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METOP satellite series, 166 Midwest
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O O’Connell, James D., 91-95, 99-
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and “Long-Term Prospects for Deve
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Reference Works, NASA SP-4000 The N
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SP-4207 not published. Compton, W.
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