Exploring the Unknown - NASA's History Office

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444 Percentage of Economic Impact Already Realized from NASA Contributions 100 75 50 25 0 SPACE AS AN INVESTMENT IN ECONOMIC GROWTH Gas Dynamics Metals Microwaves Ceramics Energy Conversion Integrated Circuits 25 50 75 100 Percentage of NASA Contributions with Military or Aerospace Applications Figure 7. Relationship Between Economic Impact Already Realized from NASA Contributions and Proportion of Contributions Finding Military or Aerospace Applications NDT Cryogenics Telemetry Simulation Machining Joining
Percentage of Economic Impact Already Realized from NASA Contributions 100 75 50 25 0 Metals Telemetry EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 445 Simulation Machining Gas Dynamics Joining NDT Microwaves Ceramics Energy Conversion 25 50 75 100 Percentage of NASA Contributions with Commercial Applications Figure 8. Relationship Between Economic Impact Already Realized From NASA Contributions and Proportion of Contributions Finding Commercial Applications Document III-9 Cryogenics Integrated Circuits Document title: “Quantifying the Benefits to the National Economy from Secondary Applications of NASA Technology—Executive Summary,” NASA CR-2674, Mathematica, Inc., March 1976. Source: NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. This study examined four cases of major technologies (cryogenics, gas turbines, integrated circuits, and the NASTRAN computer program) that NASA had advanced during the 1960s and showed, based on economic studies and interviews, that their benefits could be as high as $6.9 billion over ten years. Mathematica, Inc., relied on microeconomic consumer surplus theory, which is a more traditional approach to measuring benefits and more easily understood than production function approaches. Most of the benefits resulted from the earlier introduction of the specific technology rather than the development of the technology itself.
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Exploring Unknown the Selected Docu
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I-11 President John F. Kennedy to H
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II-2 S.M. Greenfield and W.W. Kello
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II-23 Arnold W. Frutkin, Memorandum
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II-46-II-48 Gregory W. Withee, Acti
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III-18 “Space Commercialization M
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Acknowledgments This volume is the
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Introduction One of the most import
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The editorial method we adopted for
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Joseph N. Pelton is a professor of
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GAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter One The History of Satellit
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 3 satellite f
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 5 different v
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 7 satellite s
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 9 This unique
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 11 technology
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 13 7. In the
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 15 16. The re
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applies only to the closest possibl
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 19 arrangemen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 21 Conclusion
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entific and engineering work and to
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observations indicated strong refle
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 27 Oval-shape
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Number of Randomly Spaced Satellite
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Document I-4 Document Title: Memora
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 33 6. How can
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 35 RECOMMENDA
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[3] 2. SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL FEATURE
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[28] 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 41 d. NASA’
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 43 [1] PUBLIC
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EXPERIMENTATION The Commission is e
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 47 During dis
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facilities in intercontinental comm
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Ground Transmitting Station at Holm
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 53 diodes, so
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 55 Bell Telep
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 57 Our estima
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 59 implicatio
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 61 as quickly
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 63 Commission
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 65 Document t
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 67 licenses,
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 69 opment of
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 71 any system
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In the end, the administration bill
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 75 program in
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your bill and some of the major asp
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 79 1934, as a
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 81 or appropr
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U.S.C. 310) [citation in margin:
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interest; and (iii) an evaluation o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 87 ment on Ap
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 89 aspects of
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Document title: Memorandum from J.
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 93 tiated by
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cations satellite system rather tha
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___________________________________
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telegram are as follows: (A) Policy
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tems. Diversion of Government traff
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quality of services and charges for
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 105 tions is
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 107 A. Techno
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Report of the United States Delegat
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States, Vatican City State, Venezue
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 113 structure
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 115 U.S. posi
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 117 agreed th
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 119 VII. Futu
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 121 to explor
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 123 (b) to af
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 125 the natio
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 127 and Order
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 129 own stron
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 131 We are en
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 133 and meeti
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 135 Plumbrook
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cant background information and wor
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 139 Applicati
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earth terminals, high-gain satellit
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20 watts of power per kilogram. New
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 145 the devel
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No additional items were reviewed.
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Specifically, this report concludes
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[55] THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE Wash
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A memorandum of law concerning Arti
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156 OBSERVING THE EARTH FROM SPACE
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196 scanned from extreme altitudes
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198 winds, cumulus clouds that have
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200 bends back on itself with incre
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204 required for Project TIROS in e
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212 [1] [rubber stamped: “AUG 15
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214 These two letters, one from Con
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220 Budget Authority (BA) and Outla
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224 Document II-11 Document title:
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232 International Applications Area
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236 Agricultural Geographic Geologi
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240 that a number of important user
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242 [1] For the Record SAR/Robert G
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244 make every effort to ensure tha
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246 monitor the earth’s volcanoes
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250 with us in this area). Encourag
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254 the memorandum be explicitly br
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256 should officially participate i
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258 [1] APR 14, 1970 Honorable Walt
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260 One persuasive argument for cre
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262 General Assembly’s First Comm
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264 [1] July 24, 1974 Summary OBSER
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270 in the months following the lau
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274 their goals by making improved
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278 recommended that continuity of
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280 gap in data availability would
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282 ment—considering the budgetar
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284 vices required for a multipurpo
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286 and for maintaining archives of
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292 D. Conclusions and Consequences
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298 Assumptions This document was d
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304 training and technology transfe
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306 the payment of appropriate fees
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308 • The sub-issues that will ne
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314 development, either alone or in
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316 rity and foreign policy implica
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320 report or explicitly address th
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330 [no pagination] PUBLIC LAW 98-3
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344 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
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346 [no pagination] For Immediate R
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348 This management plan spells out
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350 funding adjustments as agreed t
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352 Includes: • Ground System Dev
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368 TITLE VI—PROHIBITION OF COMME
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370 Document II-42 Honorable George
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372 The Honorable John H. Gibbons A
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374 (b) Make government-owned Lands
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376 The letter from NOAA’s Gregor
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378 There is currently considerable
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380 7. During periods when national
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Chapter Three Space as an Investmen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 387 However,
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 389 sectors o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 391 the devel
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Page 421 and 422: still many hurdles for the space in
Page 423 and 424: [1] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS EXPLORI
Page 425 and 426: EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 405 developme
Page 427 and 428: important role in raising funds for
Page 429 and 430: nomic growth. The focus was on aggr
Page 431 and 432: the quality of goods and services d
Page 433 and 434: findings indicated that most of the
Page 435 and 436: This study showed an overall seven-
Page 437 and 438: sible to forecast the impacts on ma
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Page 441 and 442: EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 421 Table 4 I
Page 443 and 444: already shown above (Table 5) the m
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Page 451 and 452: EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 431 [i] NASA
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Page 463: Impact of NASA Combinations High Mo
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Page 469 and 470: [8] 4. NASTRAN NASTRAN (NASA Struct
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Page 477 and 478: [2] II. CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
Page 479 and 480: 10. Private Launch Ranges: The Admi
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Page 483 and 484: — With respect to technologies ge
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Page 493 and 494: develop design guidelines for futur
Page 495 and 496: B. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Satelli
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Page 501 and 502: Long-Term Prospects for Development
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Page 507 and 508: In many religions the wealth of the
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 495 The first
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 497 tion was
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August 3, 1983 Space Commercializat
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 501 Outline o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 503 space ind
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 505 guide, di
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of a dollar of profit from future o
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Return on Investment*—$M 50 40 30
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the desired average expected return
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Patents Trade Secrets Liabilities I
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Risk Adjusted Return on Investment
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 517 Implement
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As they look to the turn of the cen
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Exports (Dollar Per Capita) $500 $4
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Supply (Years) Rate of Increase 200
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 525 Table 1.
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Investment Cost Per Satellite Voice
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 529 (4) Altho
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For five of the thirty-two the terr
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Projected Annual and Cumulative Rev
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 535 growth, a
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 537 that firm
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this study could exercise the syste
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Our recent work with live cell mate
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[no page number] Annual Gross Sales
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to ensure that its accounting syste
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Proposal for Enhancing NASA Technol
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e) A Special Mission Development Di
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“NASA Social Impact,” I have su
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flow of technology information to s
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1976. This figure includes net bene
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 557 It is imp
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 559 Document
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 561 earlier b
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Finally, the medical end use catego
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 565 (3) provi
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 567 Effective
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 569 [10] A br
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 571 [14] POLI
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 573 activitie
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NASA’s technology transfer progra
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 577 Tech Brie
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Ralph Braibanti joined the Departme
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F Philip J. Farley (1916- ) earned
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Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) (D-TX
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M Leonard H. Marks was one of the o
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Robert C. Seamans, Jr. (1918- ), ha
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Robert M. White (1923- ) served as
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Bullington, Kenneth, 25 Bush, Georg
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Defense Satellite Communications Sy
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I Indiana University, 388 Initial D
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METOP satellite series, 166 Midwest
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O O’Connell, James D., 91-95, 99-
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and “Long-Term Prospects for Deve
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Reference Works, NASA SP-4000 The N
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SP-4207 not published. Compton, W.
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