Exploring the Unknown - NASA's History Office

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524 ideas of our own. The overall lists are presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3. It is not possible to discuss each one individually in any reasonably sized report, but it is reassuring to observe that the known opportunities are quite numerous. It is also encouraging that these opportunities respond to the needs of mankind to a major degree. This suggests that the space program should be considered as a mainstream activity rather than a matter of minor interest, benefiting only a few people. In the next few paragraphs, we shall briefly discuss one or two opportunities from each of the four major categories: (1) services, (2) products, (3) energy, and (4) human activities. Once this has been done, an integrated plan will be revealed, showing what we believe to be the proper evolution for a relatively ambitious but entirely realistic program of Space Industrialization. SERVICES SPACE AS AN INVESTMENT IN ECONOMIC GROWTH In a very real sense, the services area of space industrialization is already a reality. For several years, space platforms have been providing valuable communication, navigation, observation, and weather services for people worldwide. Some of these services have been earning comfortable profits for corporate shareholders. Today, communication satellites are owned and operated by more than a dozen countries, and more than 100 have their own Intelsat ground terminals. These terminals transmit messages and data to and from such unlikely places as Niger, Bangladesh, Cameroon, and French Guiana [sic]. The utilization of satellite technology in these primitive locations is based on simple economics. The cost of the hardware necessary to handle a satellite voice circuit (see Figure 6) has been declining by a factor of 100 every 12 years In 1966, an Early Bird voice circuit cost more than $20,000 per year. Today Westar provides equivalent voice circuits for a little over $200. Moreover, large-scale Antenna Farms launched by the Space Shuttle may soon bring about further important cost reductions. Hardware investment costs as low as $14 per circuit-year seem entirely within the realm of possibility. With costs at this level, we will begin to see numerous new applications of advanced communications. [8] Complexity inversion . . . is quietly fostering another revolution in our approach to space communications. Complexity inversion refers to the concept of putting large and complicated hardware in space so that the units on the ground can be small and simple. This philosophy contrasts sharply with the approach that was adopted in the early days of the space program when every effort was made to keep the space segment of the system small and light. In order to do this, the corresponding ground segments had to be massive and complex. For example, the Telstar communication satellite weighed only 150 pounds. This compact design held down launch costs and simplified the satellite, but as a result, it could relay high-quality signals only between such massive ground installations as the 85-foot Goldstone antenna, which weighs 600,000 pounds. Numerous other examples can be found in both civilian and military programs in which huge ground antennas and major computer installations painstakingly processed raw data to extract useful information from weak and diffuse signals radiated by small, compact satellites. Because of recent advances in space technology and improved transportation capabilities, it is now possible to enlarge the orbiting satellites and, in turn, shrink the ground user sets. In particular, modern electronic devices and multibeam antennas allow the space segment to be vastly more capable and complex, but still stay within reasonable launch cost limitations—especially considering the launch economics of the Space Shuttle.
EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 525 Table 1. Attractive Opportunities in the Services Area Communications Information Relay • Direct TV broadcast • Electronic mail • Education broadcast • Rural TV • Meteorological information dissemination • Interagency data exchange • Electronic cottage industries • World medical advice center • Centralized “distributed” printing systems • Environmental information distribution • Time and frequency distribution Personal Communications • National information services • Personal communications wrist radio • Voting/polling wrist set • Diplomatic U.N. hot lines • 3-D holographic teleconferencing • Mobile communications relay • Amateur radio relay • “Telegraphing” personal communications systems • Worldwide electronic ping pong tournaments • Central computer service (for transmitting hand-held calculators) • Urban/police wrist radio Disaster Warning • Disaster warning relay • Pre-disaster data base (earthquake) • Earthquake fault measurements • Disaster communication set Land Data Agricultural Measurements • Soil type classification • Crop measurement • Crop damage assessment • Global wheat survey • Crop identification/survey • Agricultural land use patterns • Crop harvest monitor • Range land evaluation • Crop stress detection • Soil erosion measurement • Agricultural acreage survey • Soil moisture measurement • Soil temperature monitor Forest Management • Timber site monitoring • Logging residue inventory • Forest stress detection • Forest fire detection • Rural/forest environment hazards • Lightning contact prediction/detection Hydrological Information System • Snow moisture data collector • Wet lands monitor • Tidal patterns/flushing • Water management surveillance • Irrigation flow return • Run-off forecasting • Inland water/ice cover • Subsurface water monitor • Water resource mapping • Soil moisture data collector • Irrigation acreage measurement • Aquatic vegetation monitoring Navigation, Tracking, and Control Navigation • Public navigation system • Global position determination • Coastal navigation control • Global search and rescue locator Tracking and Location • Implanted sensor data collection • Wild animal/waterfowl surveillance • Marine animal migrations • Vehicular speed limit control • Rail anti-collision system • Nuclear fuel locator • Vehicle/package locator Traffic Control • Multinational air traffic control radar • Surface ship tracking Border Surveillance • U.N. truce observation satellite • Border surveillance • Coastal anti-collision passive radar • Underwater vegetation survey • Lake/river suspended solids • Sediment measurements (rivers) • Flooded area monitoring Land Management • Land capability inventory • Land use mapping • Wild land classification • Range vegetation mapping • Rangeland utilization/population • Flood damage assessment • Beach erosion Pollution Data • Advanced resources/pollution observatory • Salt accumulations (irrigation) • Agricultural pollutant monitoring • Lake eutrophication monitor • Great Lakes thermal mapping • Effluent discharge patterns • Toxic spill detector • Air quality profilometer • Air pollutant chemistry (Freon) • Pollution detection and distribution • Mosquito control (wetlands flooding) Resource Measurements • Oil/mineral location • Drilling/mining operations monitor Geographic Mapping • Urban/suburban density • Recreation site planning • High-resolution earth mapping radar • Wildland vegetation mapping • Offshore structure mapping
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Exploring Unknown the Selected Docu
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I-11 President John F. Kennedy to H
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II-2 S.M. Greenfield and W.W. Kello
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II-23 Arnold W. Frutkin, Memorandum
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II-46-II-48 Gregory W. Withee, Acti
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III-18 “Space Commercialization M
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Acknowledgments This volume is the
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Introduction One of the most import
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The editorial method we adopted for
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Joseph N. Pelton is a professor of
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GAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter One The History of Satellit
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 3 satellite f
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 5 different v
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 7 satellite s
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 9 This unique
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 11 technology
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applies only to the closest possibl
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 19 arrangemen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 21 Conclusion
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entific and engineering work and to
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observations indicated strong refle
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 27 Oval-shape
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Number of Randomly Spaced Satellite
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Document I-4 Document Title: Memora
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 33 6. How can
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 35 RECOMMENDA
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[3] 2. SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL FEATURE
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[28] 7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAT
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 41 d. NASA’
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 43 [1] PUBLIC
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EXPERIMENTATION The Commission is e
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 47 During dis
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facilities in intercontinental comm
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Ground Transmitting Station at Holm
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 53 diodes, so
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 55 Bell Telep
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 57 Our estima
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 69 opment of
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 71 any system
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In the end, the administration bill
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 75 program in
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your bill and some of the major asp
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U.S.C. 310) [citation in margin:
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interest; and (iii) an evaluation o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 87 ment on Ap
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 89 aspects of
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Document title: Memorandum from J.
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 93 tiated by
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cations satellite system rather tha
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telegram are as follows: (A) Policy
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tems. Diversion of Government traff
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quality of services and charges for
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 105 tions is
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 107 A. Techno
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Report of the United States Delegat
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States, Vatican City State, Venezue
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 117 agreed th
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 119 VII. Futu
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 123 (b) to af
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 125 the natio
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 133 and meeti
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 135 Plumbrook
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cant background information and wor
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 139 Applicati
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earth terminals, high-gain satellit
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20 watts of power per kilogram. New
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 145 the devel
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No additional items were reviewed.
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Specifically, this report concludes
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[55] THE SECRETARY OF COMMERCE Wash
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A memorandum of law concerning Arti
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156 OBSERVING THE EARTH FROM SPACE
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196 scanned from extreme altitudes
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204 required for Project TIROS in e
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214 These two letters, one from Con
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220 Budget Authority (BA) and Outla
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224 Document II-11 Document title:
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232 International Applications Area
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236 Agricultural Geographic Geologi
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240 that a number of important user
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242 [1] For the Record SAR/Robert G
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244 make every effort to ensure tha
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246 monitor the earth’s volcanoes
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250 with us in this area). Encourag
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254 the memorandum be explicitly br
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256 should officially participate i
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258 [1] APR 14, 1970 Honorable Walt
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260 One persuasive argument for cre
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262 General Assembly’s First Comm
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264 [1] July 24, 1974 Summary OBSER
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270 in the months following the lau
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274 their goals by making improved
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278 recommended that continuity of
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280 gap in data availability would
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282 ment—considering the budgetar
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284 vices required for a multipurpo
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286 and for maintaining archives of
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292 D. Conclusions and Consequences
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298 Assumptions This document was d
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304 training and technology transfe
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306 the payment of appropriate fees
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308 • The sub-issues that will ne
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314 development, either alone or in
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316 rity and foreign policy implica
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320 report or explicitly address th
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330 [no pagination] PUBLIC LAW 98-3
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344 AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS
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346 [no pagination] For Immediate R
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348 This management plan spells out
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350 funding adjustments as agreed t
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352 Includes: • Ground System Dev
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368 TITLE VI—PROHIBITION OF COMME
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370 Document II-42 Honorable George
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372 The Honorable John H. Gibbons A
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374 (b) Make government-owned Lands
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376 The letter from NOAA’s Gregor
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378 There is currently considerable
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380 7. During periods when national
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Chapter Three Space as an Investmen
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 387 However,
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 389 sectors o
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 391 the devel
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 395 Internati
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 397 Committee
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 399 are not s
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still many hurdles for the space in
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[1] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS EXPLORI
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 405 developme
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important role in raising funds for
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nomic growth. The focus was on aggr
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the quality of goods and services d
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findings indicated that most of the
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This study showed an overall seven-
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sible to forecast the impacts on ma
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Our formulation of γ is as follows
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 421 Table 4 I
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already shown above (Table 5) the m
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Significance of Findings Significan
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David Cross and I will be glad to d
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 429 • The d
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 431 [i] NASA
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 433 The major
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their momentous insight when they d
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The direct social impact of NASA co
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[32] Microwave Systems Internal Gas
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[34] Internal Gas Dynamics Telemetr
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Impact of NASA Combinations High Mo
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Percentage of Economic Impact Alrea
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“less” to a “more” preferre
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[8] 4. NASTRAN NASTRAN (NASA Struct
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The following sections will discuss
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Diff. From Baseline, Thousands Figu
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 455 expenditu
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[2] II. CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR
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10. Private Launch Ranges: The Admi
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products and services to the avoida
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— With respect to technologies ge
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 465 presence
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 467 (c) DoD,
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(4) To stimulate private sector inv
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 471 (iii)Supp
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NASA’s technology transfer progra
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EXPLORING THE UNKNOWN 577 Tech Brie
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Ralph Braibanti joined the Departme
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F Philip J. Farley (1916- ) earned
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Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) (D-TX
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M Leonard H. Marks was one of the o
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Robert C. Seamans, Jr. (1918- ), ha
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Robert M. White (1923- ) served as
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Bullington, Kenneth, 25 Bush, Georg
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Defense Satellite Communications Sy
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I Indiana University, 388 Initial D
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METOP satellite series, 166 Midwest
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O O’Connell, James D., 91-95, 99-
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and “Long-Term Prospects for Deve
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Reference Works, NASA SP-4000 The N
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SP-4207 not published. Compton, W.
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