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The Bhikṣuṇī Maṇimēkhalai

An English translation of one of the five great Tamil classics, a story of Buddhist virtues, magical powers and philosophy; along with a detailed study of the text.

An English translation of one of the five great Tamil classics, a story of Buddhist virtues, magical powers and philosophy; along with a detailed study of the text.

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104 - <strong>The</strong> Philosophical Systems<br />

<strong>Maṇimēkhalai</strong> knows of the Mīmāṁsa only as a single system and it<br />

does not know of it as two separate systems, as it had come to be<br />

recognized later.<br />

One point before passing out of this discussion, and that is, that the six<br />

systems, as current at the time, are recited in the <strong>Maṇimēkhalai</strong> as<br />

Lōkāyata, Bauddha, Sāṁkhya, Naiyāyika, Vaiśēṣika and Mīmāṁsa.<br />

<strong>The</strong>re are several points to note in regard to this list of six.<br />

<strong>The</strong> orthodox systems accepted nowadays consist of three pairs;<br />

Vaiśēṣika and Nyāya, Sāṁkhya and Yōga, and the two Mīmāṁsas,<br />

Pūrva and Uttara. <strong>The</strong>se are the accepted Vaidika systems. <strong>The</strong><br />

<strong>Maṇimēkhalai</strong> recital differs in the following particulars. Mīmāṁsa<br />

is still treated as one; that means that the work must have been<br />

ṭi and the Upavarṣa<br />

commentaries were holding the field, and the division of [68]<br />

Dēvasvāmin had not come into existence.<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>Maṇimēkhalai</strong> includes Lōkāyatam and Bauddham among the<br />

Vaidika systems. It has not treated of Lōkāyata in this chapter unless<br />

we take Lōkāyata and Bhūtavāda as synonymous as indicated in the<br />

text, the latter including the former. It would seem strange that the<br />

Bauddha religion should be included among the systems to which the<br />

Vaidika pramāṇas applied. 66 But it is so stated here. <strong>The</strong> various<br />

systems quoted in a commentary on the Vijñānamātra Śāstra later<br />

66 According to Mahāmahopādhyaya Haraprasad Śāstri all early Buddhists<br />

from Buddha to Vasubandhu were indebted to Akṣapāda for their<br />

pramāṇas, or instruments of right knowledge.

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