The Bhikṣuṇī Maṇimēkhalai

255 - The Various Systems of Beliefs
doubt, of place, of form, of genus, of quality, of action with due
reference to light, 107 sense and place.
(2) Karudal (Anumāna) is the inference of that which is unseen from
that which is seen or felt. It is of three kinds, namely, (1) the common
(Podu; Sans.: Sāmānya), (2) proceeding from the result to the cause,
(Eccham; or Sans.: Sēṣavat) and (3) from the cause to the result
(Mudal; or Sans.: Pūrvaval). It is common inference when, though
two circumstances may not be connected inevitably with each other,
the occurrence of the one leads to the inference of the other, as in the
case of the inference of the existence of an elephant in a forest when
one hears a sound like the trumpting of an elephant. In inferring from
the sight of freshes in a river, rain is the source of it, is inference of
the cause from the result. When we predict rain from the sight of the
clouds, we are inferring the result from a cause. Thus inference is
knowledge that we gain of that which is not present; and is applicable
to the past, present and future.
(3) The third means of knowledge Upamāna has reference to
understanding by comparison or by means of [191] similitude.
(4) Āgama is understanding by authority as, when we assume the
existence of heaven and hell from the writings of those of authority.
(5) Arthāpatti is understanding by association, as when a shepherd’s
village is said to be on the Ganges, we understand that it is situated on
the banks of the river.
(6) Iyalbu that which is appropriate to the actual circumstances as
when a man on the back of an elephant wants ‘the stick’, one
understands the goad.
107 (Clearness of understanding?).