Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES AND HOW TO INTERPRET THEM 93 the drinks, but the athlete believed that the Super Duper Sports Drink was going to help him run faster, so he did. This improvement is due to the placebo effect. Ironically, a study similar to this example was published in 2015, demonstrating the power of the placebo effect on athletic performance. 3 Figure 2.4. An example of the placebo effect Blinding is a technique to prevent bias in intervention studies. In a study without blinding, the subject and the researchers both know what treatment the subject is receiving. This can lead to bias if the subject or researcher have expectations about the treatment working, so these types of trials are used less frequently. It’s best if a study is double-blind, meaning that neither the researcher nor the subject know what treatment the subject is receiving. It’s relatively simple to double-blind a study where subjects are receiving a placebo or treatment pill, because they could be formulated to look and taste the same. In a single- blind study, either the researcher or the subject knows what treatment they’re receiving, but not both. Studies of diets—such as the Mediterranean diet example—often can’t be doubleblinded because the study subjects know whether or not they’re eating a lot of olive oil and nuts. However, the researchers who are checking participants’ blood pressure or evaluating their medical records could be blinded to their treatment group, reducing the chance of bias. Like all studies, RCTs and other intervention studies do have some limitations. They can be difficult to carry on for long periods of time and require that participants remain compliant with the intervention. They’re also costly and often have smaller sample sizes. Furthermore, it is unethical to study certain interventions. (An example of an unethical intervention would be to advise one group of pregnant mothers to drink alcohol to determine its effects on pregnancy outcomes, because we know that alcohol consumption during pregnancy damages the developing fetus.)
94 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN A YouTube element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/ nutritionscience/?p=971 VIDEO: “Not all scientific studies are created equal” by David H. Schwartz, YouTube (April 28, 2014), 4:26. META-ANALYSES AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS At the top of the hierarchy of evidence pyramid are systematic reviews and meta-analyses. You can think of these as “studies of studies.” They attempt to combine all of the relevant studies that have been conducted on a research question and summarize their overall conclusions. Researchers conducting a systematic review formulate a research question and then systematically and independently identify, select, evaluate, and synthesize all highquality evidence that relates to the research question. Since systematic reviews combine the results of many studies, they help researchers produce more reliable findings. A meta-
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Vitamins Important for Vision Visio
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Introduction to Vitamins and Minera
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Introduction to Bone Health The hum
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Calcium: Critical for Bones and Thr
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Vitamin D: Important to Bone Health
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved in B
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Introduction to Nutrition and Physi
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UNIT 11 — NUTRITION THROUGHOUT TH
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Nutrition in Early Infancy Infancy
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Raising Healthy Eaters “Raising a
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