Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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TYPES OF RESEARCH STUDIES AND HOW TO INTERPRET THEM 95 analysis is a type of systematic review that goes one step further, combining the data from multiple studies and using statistics to summarize it, as if creating a mega-study from many smaller studies. 4 However, even systematic reviews and meta-analyses aren’t the final word on scientific questions. For one thing, they’re only as good as the studies that they include. The Cochrane Collaboration is an international consortium of researchers who conduct systematic reviews in order to inform evidence-based healthcare, including nutrition, and their reviews are among the most well-regarded and rigorous in science. For the most recent Cochrane review of the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease, two authors independently reviewed studies published on this question. Based on their inclusion criteria, 30 RCTs with a total of 12,461 participants were included in the final analysis. However, after evaluating and combining the data, the authors concluded that “despite the large number of included trials, there is still uncertainty regarding the effects of a Mediterranean‐style diet on cardiovascular disease occurrence and risk factors in people both with and without cardiovascular disease already.” Part of the reason for this uncertainty is that different trials found different results, and the quality of the studies was low to moderate. Some had problems with their randomization procedures, for example, and others were judged to have unreliable data. That doesn’t make them useless, but it adds to the uncertainty about this question, and uncertainty pushes the field forward towards more and better studies. The Cochrane review authors noted that they found seven ongoing trials of the Mediterranean diet, so we can hope that they’ll add more clarity to this question in the future. 5 Science is an ongoing process. It’s often a slow process, and it contains a lot of uncertainty, but it’s our best method of building knowledge of how the world and human life works. Many different types of studies can contribute to scientific knowledge. None are perfect—all have limitations—and a single study is never the final word on a scientific question. Part of what advances science is that researchers are constantly checking each other’s work, asking how it can be improved and what new questions it raises. Self-Check: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/nutritionscience/?p=971#h5p-32
96 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN Attributions: References: • “Chapter 1: The Basics” from Lindshield, B. L. Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook. goo.gl/vOAnR, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 • “The Broad Role of Nutritional Science,” section 1.3 from the book An Introduction to Nutrition (v. 1.0), CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 Images: • 1 Thiese, M. S. (2014). Observational and interventional study design types; an overview. Biochemia Medica, 24(2), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2014.022 • 2 Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (2018, January 16). Diet Review: Mediterranean Diet. The Nutrition Source. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ nutritionsource/healthy-weight/diet-reviews/mediterranean-diet/ • 3 Ross, R., Gray, C. M., & Gill, J. M. R. (2015). Effects of an Injected Placebo on Endurance Running Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(8), 1672–1681. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000584 • 4 Hooper, A. (n.d.). LibGuides: Systematic Review Resources: Systematic Reviews vs Other Types of Reviews. Retrieved February 7, 2020, from //libguides.sph.uth.tmc.edu/ c.php?g=543382&p=5370369 • 5 Rees, K., Takeda, A., Martin, N., Ellis, L., Wijesekara, D., Vepa, A., Das, A., Hartley, L., & Stranges, S. (2019). Mediterranean‐style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009825.pub3 • Figure 2.3. The hierarchy of evidence by Alice Callahan, is licensed under CC BY 4.0 • Research lab photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash; mouse photo by vaun0815 on Unsplash • Figure 2.4. “Placebo effect example” by Lindshield, B. L. Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook. goo.gl/vOAnR
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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6 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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12 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEO
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Vitamins Important for Vision Visio
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Introduction to Vitamins and Minera
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Introduction to Bone Health The hum
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Calcium: Critical for Bones and Thr
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Vitamin D: Important to Bone Health
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved in B
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Introduction to Nutrition and Physi
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UNIT 11 — NUTRITION THROUGHOUT TH
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Nutrition in Early Infancy Infancy
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Raising Healthy Eaters “Raising a
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