Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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VITAMINS AND MINERALS INVOLVED IN ENERGY METABOLISM 531 Figure 9.18. Dietary sources of vitamin B 12 . Examples of good sources pictured include clams, salmon, nutritional yeast, red meat, and milk. Source: NIH Office of Dietary Supplements, www.bragg.com Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity When there is a deficiency in vitamin B 12 , inactive folate (from food) is unable to be converted to active folate and used in the body for the synthesis of DNA. However, folic acid from supplements or fortified foods is available to be used as active folate in the body without vitamin B 12 . Therefore, if there is a deficiency in vitamin B 12 , macrocytic anemia may occur. Vitamin B 12 deficiency also results in nerve degeneration and abnormalities that can often precede the development of anemia. These include a decline in mental function and burning, tingling, and numbness of legs. These symptoms can continue to worsen, and deficiency can be fatal. 4 The most common cause of vitamin B 12 deficiency is the condition of inadequate intrinsic factor production that leads to poor vitamin B 12 absorption, resulting in pernicious anemia. This condition is common in people over the age of 50, because production of intrinsic factor decreases with age. Pernicious anemia is treated by large oral doses of vitamin B 12 or by putting the vitamin under the tongue (sublingual), where it is absorbed into the bloodstream without passing through the intestine. In patients that do not respond to oral or sublingual treatment, vitamin B 12 is given by injection. Because vitamin B 12 is found primarily in foods of animal origin, a strict vegetarian diet can result in cases of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Therefore, careful dietary planning to include fortified sources or supplements of vitamin B 12 is important to prevent deficiency in a vegan diet. No toxicity of vitamin B 12 has been reported. Because of the low risk for toxicity, a tolerable upper intake level (UL) has not been established for vitamin B 12 . 4
532 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN Self-Check: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/nutritionscience/?p=1490#h5p-51 Attributions: References: • University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Food Science and Human Nutrition Program, “Human Nutrition,” CC BY-NC 4.0 • Lindshield, B. L. (2018). Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook. NPP eBooks. 19. http://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/19 • “Enzymes”, Introduction to Biology is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 • 1 Huskisson, E., Maggini, S., & Ruf, M. (2007). The role of vitamins and minerals in energy metabolism and well-being. Journal of international medical research, 35(3), 277-289. • 2 Linus Pauling Institute-Micronutrient Information Center. (2020). Folate. Retrieved May 2, 2020 from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/folate • 3 National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. (2020, March 11). Folate. Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate- HealthProfessional/ • 4 Linus Pauling Institute-Micronutrient Information Center. (2020). Vitamin B 12 . Retrieved May 2, 2020, from https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-B12 Image Credits: • Figure 9.14. “Role of coenzyme” by Heather Leonard is licensed under CC BY 4.0
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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6 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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12 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEO
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Nutrition Science a
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The Scientific Method Similar to th
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Types of Research Studies and How T
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Finding Accurate Sources of Nutriti
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Who Can You Trust for Nutrition Inf
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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Photosynthesis and Metabolism As we
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The Digestive System We just learne
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Nutrition in Early Infancy Infancy
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Raising Healthy Eaters “Raising a
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