Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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NUTRITION IN PREGNANCY AND LACTATION 573 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS DURING PREGNANCY Pregnant women need more calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients than they did before pregnancy. However, the increase in nutrient requirements is relatively greater than the increase in caloric needs, emphasizing the importance of a nutrientdense diet. A dietary pattern focused on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, legumes, fish, and vegetable oils, and lower in red and processed meats, refined grains, and added sugars is associated with a reduced risk of pregnancy complications such as gestational diabetes and hypertension. 5 There is nothing revolutionary about this dietary pattern—it’s what is recommended for everyone! However, it’s even more beneficial during pregnancy, as it promotes both maternal and fetal health. Energy Intake and Weight Gain During the first trimester, energy requirements are generally not increased, so women should consume about the same number of calories as they did before pregnancy. As fetal growth ramps up, energy requirements increase by about 340 calories per day in the second trimester and 450 calories per day in the third trimester. This is just an average; individual energy requirements vary depending on factors such as activity level and body weight before pregnancy. 6-7 Weight gain is a normal part of pregnancy. The growth of the fetus accounts for about 6 to 8 pounds of weight gain by the end of the pregnancy. Much of the rest comes from the development and expansion of tissues and fluids to support the pregnancy, including the placenta, uterus, breasts, amniotic fluid, blood, and maternal body fluids. In addition, women starting pregnancy at a normal weight should gain about 8 to 10 pounds of body fat and protein during pregnancy, in part to prepare for lactation. 3
574 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN Figure 11.2. Components of weight gain in healthy pregnant women with normal BMI before pregnancy. Weight gain comes not just from the baby, but from many different body systems changing to support the pregnancy. The Institute of Medicine recommends different amounts of weight gain in pregnancy depending on pre-pregnancy BMI. Women who were underweight before pregnancy need to gain more, and those who were overweight or obese before pregnancy need to gain less. Gaining too little weight in pregnancy can compromise fetal growth, leading to the baby being born too small, which can cause increased risk of illness, difficulty feeding, and developmental delays. Gaining too much weight in pregnancy can cause the baby to be too big at birth, leading to birth complications and increasing the risk of needing a cesarean birth. It can also make it more difficult to lose weight after pregnancy. 8
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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6 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Nutrition Science a
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The Scientific Method Similar to th
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Types of Research Studies and How T
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Finding Accurate Sources of Nutriti
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Who Can You Trust for Nutrition Inf
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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Photosynthesis and Metabolism As we
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The Digestive System We just learne
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Vitamins Important for Vision Visio
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Introduction to Vitamins and Minera
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Introduction to Bone Health The hum
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Calcium: Critical for Bones and Thr
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Vitamin D: Important to Bone Health
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