Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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Nutrition in Adolescence Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence, the time between childhood and young adulthood. The DRI recommendations divide adolescence into two age groups: 9 through 13 years, and 14 through 18 years. The onset of puberty brings a number of changes, including the development of the reproductive organs, the onset of menstruation in females, growth spurts, and changing body composition. Fat usually assumes a larger percentage of change in body weight in girls, while teenage boys experience greater muscle and bone development. All of these changes should be supported with sound nutrition. NUTRIENT NEEDS IN ADOLESCENCE Energy and Macronutrients Adequate energy intake is necessary to support the dramatic growth that takes place during adolescence. For ages 9 to 13, girls should consume about 1,400 to 2,200 calories per day, and boys should consume 1,600 to 2,600 calories per day. For ages 14 to 18, girls should consume about 1,800 to 2,400 calories per day, and boys should consume about 2,000 to 3,200 calories per day. Calorie needs vary based on activity level. The extra energy 613
614 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN required for physical development during the teenage years should be obtained primarily from nutrient-dense foods instead of empty-calorie foods, to support adequate nutrient intake and a healthy body weight. For children and adolescents ages 4 through 18, the AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65 percent of daily calories, and most of these calories should come from high-fiber foods such as whole grains. The AMDR for protein is 10 to 30 percent of daily calories, and lean proteins, such as meat, poultry, fish, beans, nuts, and seeds are excellent ways to meet protein needs. The AMDR for fat is 25 to 35 percent of daily calories. The focus should be on unsaturated plant fats to prevent chronic diseases. Micronutrients Micronutrient recommendations for adolescents are mostly the same as for adults, though children this age need more of certain minerals. The most important micronutrients for adolescents are calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and iron. • Calcium levels increase to 1,300 mg/day during adolescence to support bone growth and prevent osteoporosis later in life. Low-fat dairy products and foods fortified with calcium, such as breakfast cereals and orange juice, are excellent sources of calcium. • Iron needs increase for adolescent girls with the onset of menstruation (15 mg/day for ages 9 to 13 and 18 mg/day for ages 14 to 18). Adolescent boys also need additional iron for the development of lean body mass (11 mg/day for ages 14-18). • Vitamin A is critical to support the rapid development and growth that happens during adolescence. Adequate fruit and vegetable intake meets vitamin A needs. COMMON NUTRITION-RELATED HEALTH CONCERNS IN ADOLESCENCE Disordered Eating Eating disorders involve extreme behaviors related to food and exercise. They encompass a group of conditions marked by under-eating or overeating, as discussed in Unit 7. Eating disorders stem from stress, low self-esteem, and other psychological and emotional issues. They are most prevalent among adolescent girls but have been increasing among adolescent boys in recent years. Because eating disorders often lead to malnourishment, adolescents with eating disorders are deprived of the crucial nutrients their still-growing bodies need. Girls with anorexia experience nutritional and hormonal problems that negatively influence peak bone density, and therefore may be at increased risk for osteoporosis and fracture throughout life. 1 It is important for parents to watch for signs and symptoms of these disorders, including sudden weight loss, lethargy, vomiting after meals, and the use of appetite suppressants. Eating disorders can lead to serious complications or even be fatal if left untreated. Treatment includes cognitive, behavioral, and nutritional therapy.
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Nutrition Science a
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The Scientific Method Similar to th
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Types of Research Studies and How T
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Finding Accurate Sources of Nutriti
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Who Can You Trust for Nutrition Inf
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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Photosynthesis and Metabolism As we
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The Digestive System We just learne
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Vitamins Important for Vision Visio
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Introduction to Vitamins and Minera
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Introduction to Bone Health The hum
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Calcium: Critical for Bones and Thr
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Vitamin D: Important to Bone Health
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved in B
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Introduction to Nutrition and Physi
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