Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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VITAMINS IMPORTANT FOR VISION 491 addition, some synthetic forms of vitamin A (Retin-A and Accutane, for example) are used as acne treatments and should never be used during pregnancy due to the risk of birth defects. Unlike preformed vitamin A, beta-carotene and other carotenoids do not seem to cause birth defects or other major toxicity effects in high doses. This is because the body doesn’t convert beta-carotene to vitamin A if it already has excessive amounts of vitamin A. Because it doesn’t cause toxicity, beta-carotene is usually used as the source of vitamin A in prenatal multivitamin supplements. Beta-carotene that isn’t converted to vitamin A is absorbed intact in the intestine. When high levels of beta-carotene are consumed in the diet, it can have the unusual effect of making a person’s skin appear to be yellow or orange. The color change doesn’t seem to be harmful, and normal skin tone returns once the person stops consuming so much betacarotene. However, studies have shown that long-term consumption of high-dose betacarotene supplements have been linked to increased rates of cancer and death, so it’s best to get beta-carotene from food rather than supplements. Self-check: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/nutritionscience/?p=1381#h5p-46 Attributions: References: • Zimmerman, M., & Snow, B. Nutrients Important as Antioxidants. In An Introduction to Nutrition (v. 1.0). https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-tonutrition/index.html, CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 • Lindshield, B. (2018). Kansas State University Human Nutrition (FNDH 400) Flexbook. NPP eBooks. https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/19 • 1 Sommer, A. (2008). Vitamin a deficiency and clinical disease: An historical overview. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(10), 1835–1839. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/ 138.10.1835 • 2 World Health Organization. (n.d.). Micronutrient deficiencies. WHO; World Health
492 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN Organization. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/ vad/en/ • 3 United Nations Children’s Fund. (2020). Estimates of Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage in Preschool-age Children: Methods and processes for the UNICEF global database. UNICEF. • 4 National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. (n.d.). Vitamin A. Retrieved April 7, 2020, from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA- HealthProfessional/ • 5 Higdon, J., Drake, V. J., & Delage, B. (2014, April 28). Carotenoids. Linus Pauling Institute. https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/ carotenoids Image Credits: • Figure 8.19. Beta-carotene and vitamin A by Alice Callahan is licensed under CC BY 4.0, using “Skeletal formula of beta-carotene” and “Chemical structure of retinol,” both by NEUROtiker and in the Public Domain. • Figure 8.20. “Depiction of vision of a person suffering from night blindness “ by Upchar is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 • Figure 8.21. “Eye with xerophthalmia “ by CDC/ Dr. J. Justin Older is in the Public Domain • Figure 8.22. “Food sources of Vitamin A” by Alice Callahan is licensed under CC BY 4.0, with images from top to bottom by Ella Olsson, Alexander Schimmeck, Kim Gorga, Joseph Gonzalez, Caroline Attwood on Unsplash (license information) • Figure 8.23. “Prevalence of vitamin-A deficiency in children” by Our World in Data is licensed under CC BY 4.0
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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6 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Nutrition Science a
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The Scientific Method Similar to th
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Types of Research Studies and How T
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100 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LE
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Finding Accurate Sources of Nutriti
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Who Can You Trust for Nutrition Inf
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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Photosynthesis and Metabolism As we
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The Digestive System We just learne
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Introduction to Carbohydrates If so
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Digestion and Absorption of Carbohy
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Glucose Regulation and Utilization
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Introduction to Nutrition and Physi
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UNIT 11 — NUTRITION THROUGHOUT TH
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Nutrition in Early Infancy Infancy
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Raising Healthy Eaters “Raising a
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