Nutrition Science and Everyday Application - beta v 0.1

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DISORDERS OF THE GI TRACT 157 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a type of functional GI disorder, meaning that it’s caused by a disruption in the signals between the brain and gut. People suffering from IBS often experience abdominal pain, bloating, the feeling that they can’t finish a bowel movement, as well as diarrhea or constipation or both, often in cycles. IBS is common; about 12% of people in the U.S. are thought to have it. It’s more common in women, seems to run in families, and is often associated with stress, history of trauma, or severe GI infections. IBS isn’t well understood. It’s not clear what causes it, and it may have different causes in different people. 5 Of course, since the cause of IBS isn’t understood, that lack of understanding makes it difficult to treat. Some people find that eating more fiber-rich foods and increasing physical activity improve their symptoms, so these are good first steps (and good for health regardless of their effect on IBS). Others find that following a diet that is low in carbohydrates called FODMAPs helps their symptoms. FODMAPs are fermentable carbohydrates found in many foods and can usually be eaten without issue by most people. Foods that are high in FODMAPs include fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, wheat, and honey, so this is a very restrictive diet and should only be attempted with the guidance of a dietitian. Without careful planning, a low-FODMAP diet can be deficient in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It is usually followed for just a few weeks, and if it helps with symptoms, foods are gradually added back to see what can be tolerated. 6,7
158 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEONARD, MED, RDN, AND TAMBERLY POWELL, MS, RDN In addition to dietary strategies, physicians sometimes prescribe medications to treat the symptoms of diarrhea or constipation associated with IBS. 8 INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two types of disorders: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis is specific to the large intestine (colon) and rectum, whereas Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the GI tract. Both are chronic inflammatory conditions in which symptoms may periodically flare and become more severe. IBD is often confused with IBS, because of the similarities in their names and some symptoms. However, they are different disorders with different causes. IBD is generally more severe and long-lasting, and it causes damage to the GI tract that can be seen on endoscopy (when a camera is inserted into the GI tract to visualize the interior). It’s important to get an accurate diagnosis of IBD in order to treat the disorder appropriately. 9 Common symptoms of IBD are diarrhea, cramping and abdominal pain, feeling tired, and weight loss. IBD may be caused by autoimmune reactions (in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, in this case the cells of the GI tract) or certain genes, and other causes are being investigated. IBD often develops in people during adolescence or in their 20s. It may be treated with medications to reduce inflammation or modulate the immune system, or sometimes surgery. 10,11 Self-Check: An interactive H5P element has been excluded from this version of the text. You can view it online here: https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/nutritionscience/?p=1158#h5p-38 References • 1 Kahrilas, P. J. (2019, October 24). Patient education: Gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults (Beyond the Basics)—UpToDate. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/ contents/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-in-adults-beyond-thebasics?search=GER&topicRef=2265&source=see_link • 2 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/ health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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Nutrition: Science and Everyday App
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UNIT 3 - MOLECULES OF LIFE: PHOTOSY
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UNIT 9 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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2 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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About the Authors ALICE CALLAHAN, P
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6 ALICE CALLAHAN, PHD, HEATHER LEON
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Updates Made to OER Date Unit Page
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Introduction to Designing a Healthy
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Classification of Nutrients Food is
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Introduction to Nutrition Science a
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The Scientific Method Similar to th
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Types of Research Studies and How T
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Sugar: Food Sources, Health Implica
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UNIT 5- LIPIDS 246
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The Functions of Fats Fats serve us
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Lipid Types and Structures Lipids a
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Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
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UNIT 6- PROTEIN 304
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Protein Digestion and Absorption Wh
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Protein Food Choices and Sustainabi
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Introduction to Energy Balance On D
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Energy Balance: Energy In, Energy O
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Indicators of Health: BMI, Body Com
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Best Practices For Weight Managemen
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UNIT 8 - VITAMINS AND MINERALS PART
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Dietary Supplements By now you know
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved In F
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Vitamins Important for Vision Visio
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Introduction to Vitamins and Minera
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Introduction to Bone Health The hum
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Vitamin D: Important to Bone Health
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Vitamins and Minerals Involved in B
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Introduction to Nutrition and Physi
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UNIT 11 — NUTRITION THROUGHOUT TH
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Nutrition in Early Infancy Infancy
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Raising Healthy Eaters “Raising a
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