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orharmful are unlawful under all ord<strong>in</strong>ary circumstances.<br />

There is always room and flexibility for exceptions to meet<br />

cases of absolute necessity (Qur'an, 7:157; see the section of<br />

<strong>Islam</strong>ic Morals above).<br />

Beyond this general pr<strong>in</strong>ciple, there are certa<strong>in</strong> foods and<br />

dr<strong>in</strong>ks specified by God as forbidden. Among these are:<br />

meat of dead animals and birds, the flesh of sw<strong>in</strong>e and that<br />

of anyth<strong>in</strong>g slaughtered with the <strong>in</strong>vocation of any name<br />

other than that of Allah (2: 173; 5:4). The dr<strong>in</strong>ks which <strong>Islam</strong><br />

considers harmful and destructive to the human spirit and<br />

morality as well as to the physique and morale of man are<br />

<strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> the Qur'anic verse which forbids all <strong>in</strong>toxicants<br />

and all forms of gambl<strong>in</strong>g or games of chance (5:93-94).<br />

The prohibition of these foods and dr<strong>in</strong>ks is not by any<br />

means an arbitrary action or a dictatorial decree of God. It is<br />

first and foremost a Div<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tervention <strong>in</strong> the best <strong>in</strong>terest<br />

of man and for his own sake. When the Quran describes<br />

these forbidden th<strong>in</strong>gs as bad, impure and harmful, it has a<br />

vigilant eye on man's morality and wisdom, on his health<br />

and wealth, on his piety and common behavior- all of which<br />

are <strong>in</strong>valuable assets <strong>in</strong> the estimation of <strong>Islam</strong>. The reasons<br />

beh<strong>in</strong>d this Div<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>tervention are numerous. They are of a<br />

nature <strong>in</strong>teilectual and spiritual, moral and mental, physical<br />

and economical. And the sole purpose is to show man how<br />

to develop himself accord<strong>in</strong>g to an upright course of life <strong>in</strong><br />

order to be a healthy unit <strong>in</strong> the structure of the family, then<br />

C213>

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