Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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Chapter 4 – Milk and dairy products as part of the diet 113 than their better-fed peers, and teenagers (children close to or just in their pubertal growth spurt) also benefited more. Childhood growth can be separated into growth during infancy, childhood and puberty (Karlberg, 1987). However, the design of most studies does not allow one to distinguish between the prepubertal period (with a relatively low growth velocity) and puberty (when growth velocity varies considerably and includes the peak height-growth velocity). Therefore, in the following sections we first present studies on preschool children, followed by studies on school-aged children (including pre-, peri- and postpubertal children). In preschool children, growth velocity is still high (especially during the first years) and an effect of cow milk might be more pronounced during this period (Hoppe, Mølgaard and Michaelsen, 2006). We separately address the effects of milk/dairy on (linear) growth in undernourished children and well-nourished children. We focus on studies dealing with linear growth (rather than cognitive growth or weight), although weight changes when reported as part of those studies are included. Chapter 7 discusses the role of ASF, and in particular milk, with respect to energy, protein, micronutrients and essential fatty acids and childhood growth. 4.3.1 Studies on the effect of milk and dairy products on linear growth in undernourished or socio-economically underprivileged children Preschool children Intervention studies He et al. (2005) reported the results of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) carried out in Beijing that involved 402 preschool children (aged three to five years) whose height-for-age and/or weight-for-age were less than the reference level. The children were divided randomly into a yoghurt supplemented group (125 g yoghurt for five days a week) or control group (no supplementation). Children in the yoghurtsupplemented group gained significantly more height than those in the control group after receiving yoghurt for three, six and nine months (P
114 Milk and dairy products in human nutrition increases in only one of the countries (Ruel, 2003). Allen et al. (1992) looked at longitudinal data from 67 Mexican children aged 18–30 months and found that diets of taller children contained more animal products, including milk, than did diets of shorter children. School-aged children Intervention studies The classic Boyd Orr study (or Carnegie survey) was carried out in the beginning of the last century among 1 343 mainly working class families, and examined the effects of supplementing the diets of 5- to 14-year-old Scottish children at school with whole milk, skimmed milk or biscuits that contained an equivalent amount of energy, compared with a control group receiving no supplements (Orr, 1928). Those receiving either type of milk gained an average of 20 percent more height in seven months (Orr, 1928), but only children who continued to receive milk supplements sustained higher rates of growth (Leighton and Clark, 1929). Because this study was conducted in pre-war Britain, it is plausible that some degree of malnutrition was present in the children at the onset of the study (Hoppe, Mølgaard and Michaelsen, 2006), and the effect of milk on growth may have occurred because of a correction of nutrient deficiencies. Hoppe, Mølgaard and Michaelsen (2006) also refer to work carried out by Spies and co-workers in the United States on a selected group of 82 children with chronic nutritive and growth failure (Spies et al., 1959). The threeyear study, initiated in 1945, looked at the effect of daily supplementation with either whole or non-fat dried milk on the growth in the intervention group compared with a control group. The children receiving the milk supplements gained an average of 1.23 cm more height than the control group during the supplementation period (Hoppe, Mølgaard and Michaelsen, 2006). A limited number of RCT studies are currently available. One RCT was carried out on 33 children in New Guinea aged 6–15 years old who had very low protein diets. The majority of the children were below the third percentile in height at the beginning of the study even though the Bundi people of New Guinea have a reliable supply of food throughout the year from their staple crops of taro and sweet potato (Lampl, Johnston and Malcolm, 1978). Three groups of children were given diets supplemented with skim milk powder (75 g/day), margarine with an equivalent amount of energy or extra servings of taro and sweet potatoes over a 13-week period, and compared with a control group who received no supplementary food. The linear growth of children receiving the skim milk supplements was nearly twice as fast as that of children in the other groups (Lampl, Johnston and Malcolm, 1978). An RCT was carried out in rural Viet Nam, in a region where the prevalence of stunting was 50 percent. Schoolchildren (7–8 years old) were provided with 500 ml of unfortified milk on school days for six months (Lien do et al., 2009). The control group received no supplementation. Height gain was 0.4 cm greater and weight gain 0.5 kg greater in the milk intervention group than in the non-intervention control group, although these differences were not significant. However, both weight-forage and height-for-age significantly improved over the six months that milk was provided, and as a consequence the incidence of underweight and stunting dropped by roughly 10 percent.
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cover photo credits front: © EADD/
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iv 2.7 Emerging issues and challeng
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vi 5.2 Dairy components 209 5.2.1 M
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viii 9.2 Key trends and emerging is
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x 2.5 Per capita energy intake from
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xii Preface Billions of people arou
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xiv The publication serves a variet
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xvi (Research Assistant Professor,
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xviii Permissions granted by extern
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xx FPCM fat and protein-corrected m
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xxii Contributors Anthony Bennett j
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xxiv from the National University o
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xxvi Award 2010 along with colleagu
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2 Milk and dairy products in human
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11 Chapter 2 Milk availability: Cur
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Chapter 2 - Milk availability: Curr
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Table 2.5 Volume and share of milk
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41 Chapter 3 Milk and dairy product
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Table 3.1 Proximate composition of
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Table 3.2 (continued) Vitamins Ribo
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Table 3.4 Mineral composition in mi
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Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
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Annex Table 4.7 Milk and dairy prod
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207 Chapter 5 Dairy components, pro
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Annex Table 5.2 EU register of dair
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243 Chapter 6 Safety and quality Ma
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Chapter 6 - Safety and quality 245
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Table 7.1 (continued) 308 Country/o
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