Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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Chapter 8 – Dairy-industry development programmes: Their role in food [...] 315 is critically important for increasing yields in crop agriculture (A. Rota, personal communication, 2012). Demand for milk and dairy products has grown significantly in many Asian countries, partly because of population growth but also because people are spending more disposable income on livestock products. Demand for milk in developing countries is increasing fast: Delgado et al. (1999) estimated that milk consumption in the Asia–Pacific region would double to 231 billion litres of liquid milk equivalent (LME) by 2020, but it actually reached 240 billion litres LME by 2007 (see also Chapter 2). With such high projected demand there will be significant opportunities for small- and medium-scale producers. Regional imports from Australia, New Zealand and North America via brokers such as Fonterra may also increase by about 30 percent, but Asian–Pacific smallholders could meet as much as 70 percent of demand if there are improvements in market channels and the institutional set-up to ensure smallholders are included in the value chain. Thus, smallholders can improve their countries’ trade balances, even before they export (FAO, 2009a). Large-scale global investment in dairying is also on the rise, fuelled by the high international price for milk commodities in recent years. Large-scale and intensive dairying can produce milk very efficiently but there are some environmental concerns regarding concentrated resource use and waste generation (see also Chapter 2). Dairying in developing regions has been studied by FAO, the European Union (EU), the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank and bilateral donors for decades. A World Bank study concluded that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa (accounting for about 75 percent of the region’s population) could become self sufficient in milk (Walshe et al., 1991). The Strategy and Investment Plan for Smallholder Dairy Development in Asia (2009–2018) (FAO, 2008) was developed through a participatory process involving public and private sectors in 18 countries, and focuses on increasing milk production and improving nutrition; the first objective of the tenyear, US$250 million investment plan is “a glass of Asian milk per day for every Asian child” (Dugdill and Morgan, 2008). Dairy production systems vary across agro-ecological zones. Feed is the largest input and cost in most systems, more so when labour involved in producing the feed is factored in. In addition to grazing and fodder crops, feed rations are commonly augmented with crop residues and industrial by-products, such as molasses, wastes from breweries and flour mills, oilseed cake, fruit pulp and vegetable waste (Henriksen, 2009). About 85 percent of smallholders milk cows. But people of different cultures milk other animals, ranging from larger animals (cattle, buffalos, yaks, camels, llamas, alpaca, horses, donkeys, reindeer) to small, less costly ruminants (goats, sheep). There is a dearth of peer-reviewed international literature on the role and contribution of other species in meeting the needs of a growing human population. Field observations from a number of partners in developing countries do, however, indicate that their impact on both household food security and poverty alleviation is very significant. There are thousands of unique, nutritious, traditional dairy products around the developing world whose main function is to preserve milk surpluses for consumption in the winter or during the dry season. A few cultures use dairy products for cosmetics, e.g. in Eritrea (likay from cow’s blood and milk) and Ethiopia (butter).
316 Milk and dairy products in human nutrition Elsewhere milk is sacred, e.g. Mongolia where it is sprinkled on horses’ hooves and the wheels of vehicles before journeys. In India dairy cows are sacred. Milk animals are used for food production and draught purposes in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Smallholder dairying is complex, requiring wide-ranging skills. Like other agricultural sectors, the dairy sector needs institutional support and guidance to contribute to national development, family well-being and nutrition, particularly in rural areas. The nature of the institutions is critically important for inclusion or exclusion of smallholder dairy farmers. Development of smallholder dairy farmers’ organizations is often seen as the single most important institutional factor for development of the dairy sector where the smallholders are included. Dairying helps to achieve the first Millennium Development Goal, the eradication of poverty and hunger (Box 8.1). 8.2 Income and employment generation Income and employment are key drivers of livelihood improvement in smallholder DIDPs. A number of organizations conclude that market-oriented small-scale dairying can increase household income, reduce food losses, generate employment in milk collection, processing and marketing and stimulate rural development (Bennett et al., 2006; FAO, 2005a). There are many approaches and models adapted to local environments, and these are described in Section 8.7. Many governments have invested in DIDPs. The largest example is India’s Operation Flood, replicated in selected states with the technical support of FAO from 1970 to 1996. It was successful both because it was driven by demand created by urban milk droughts, and because bottom-up cooperative milk products were actively marketed, even advertised in topical cartoons, attracting consumers. Record quantities of dairy products supplied from European commodity aid were carefully monetized and invested in milk processing and transport infrastructure, which increased capacity without disincentivizing Indian farmers (Scholten, 2010). The programme was administered and implemented by Indian organizations, and generated huge increases in income: a World Bank report (Candler and Kumar, 1998) lauded Operation Flood for the lesson that no intervention alleviates poverty so much as those that raise smallholder incomes. The programme, in which 70 percent of the 14 million farming families currently participating are landless or smallholders, owes much of its success to effective management and strong leadership by leaders of farmers’ cooperatives, government support and the effective umbrella organization of the National Dairy Development Board. In the last decade India overtook the United States as the world’s top milk-producing country. National studies such as the United Kingdom Foresight Report (Foresight, 2011) explain the effectiveness of dairy development for smallholders and women. Efforts such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation-funded East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) project aim to double smallholder milk incomes over ten years. EADD uses a value-chain approach to stimulate family farming and private investment in the dairy sector. Such approaches target weak links in the dairy value chain as well as improvements in dietary quality and nutrition (EADD, 2010; Nyabila, 2010; Shreenath et al., 2011).
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MILK dairy products in and human nu
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cover photo credits front: © EADD/
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iv 2.7 Emerging issues and challeng
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vi 5.2 Dairy components 209 5.2.1 M
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viii 9.2 Key trends and emerging is
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x 2.5 Per capita energy intake from
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xii Preface Billions of people arou
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xiv The publication serves a variet
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xvi (Research Assistant Professor,
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xviii Permissions granted by extern
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xx FPCM fat and protein-corrected m
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xxii Contributors Anthony Bennett j
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xxiv from the National University o
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xxvi Award 2010 along with colleagu
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2 Milk and dairy products in human
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11 Chapter 2 Milk availability: Cur
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Chapter 2 - Milk availability: Curr
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Table 2.5 Volume and share of milk
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41 Chapter 3 Milk and dairy product
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Chapter 3 - Milk and dairy product
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Table 3.1 Proximate composition of
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Table 3.2 (continued) Vitamins Ribo
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Table 3.4 Mineral composition in mi
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Table 3.6 (continued) Riboflavin Vi
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103 Chapter 4 Milk and dairy produc
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Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
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Table 4.1 Nutrient content of full
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Table 4.2 Contents of selected nutr
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Table 4.4 Summary of recent review
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Annex Table 4.7 Milk and dairy prod
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207 Chapter 5 Dairy components, pro
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Annex Table 5.2 EU register of dair
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243 Chapter 6 Safety and quality Ma
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Chapter 6 - Safety and quality 245
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