Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 4 – Milk and dairy products as part of the diet 163 (at least three times a week) and Guatemala (at least twice a week). Although serving sizes vary, most recommendations are for about 500 ml of milk per day. Exceptions (excluding those for pregnant/lactating women) are Canada (adolescents 14–18 years old are recommended to consume three to four servings (750–1 000 ml)/day; Spain (adult women: three to four portions of milk of portion size 200–250 ml); Ireland (adolescents: at least five servings [945 ml; serving size 1/3 of a pint]) and South Africa (children 7–13 years: 500–750 ml milk) per day. Countries that recommend very small daily amounts are: Oman (0.3 cup for children of one to five years old and 0.5 cup for all other age groups apart from males 14–18 years [1 cup]); the Netherlands (children one to three years old: 300 ml); Cuba (children of 7–17 years old and adults of 18–60 years old: one cup of milk); Philippines (240 ml for most groups); and China (300 g as a general recommendation). Many countries include other dairy foods such as cheese, yoghurt, custard, ice cream, evaporated milk, powdered milk and fermented milk in their recommendations, although portion sizes for these are not always specified. The United States excludes cream, sour cream and cream cheese from its recommendations because of the low calcium content in these foods. France excludes ice cream and milk-based desserts with added sugar, and the United Kingdom excludes butter and cream. 4.12 Conclusion In this chapter we examine scientific evidence related to the health benefits and risks of milk and dairy consumption. It is not feasible to complete a comprehensive health outcome assessment, however, the main points are discussed within the chapter and a summary of the findings are presented in Table 4.8. Much has been written on the impact of milk consumption on health, yet more research is needed, particularly on individual dairy food items. Milk and dairy provide key nutrients essential for growth and development and milk consumption is associated with a reduced risk of NCDs such as osteoporosis and possibly colorectal cancer and T2DM. However, concern has been, and continues to be, expressed about the association between high dairy consumption and other NCDs, such as CVD and prostate cancer. Gaps exist in the research literature and randomized control intervention studies, although expensive, may be needed to examine the long-term impact of dairy on health. Based on current information, milk and dairy products can represent an important part of a healthy diet, as long as consumption levels are not excessive; however any diet that exceeds the daily energy requirements over a sustained period can lead to potentially significant health risks. Disclosure statement Professor Connie Weaver has received a research grant on the role of dairy in body composition and bone health in children from the Dairy Management Inc. Dr Lisa Spence was an employee of the United States National Dairy Council from February 2002 through October 2009. She had a consulting contract with the Australian Dairy Council to write, develop and publish a review on dairy consumption and health in children in 2011. Ramani Wijesinha-Bettoni and Deirdre McMahon declare that no financial or other conflict of interest exists in relation to the content of the chapter.
164 Milk and dairy products in human nutrition References Abargouei, A.S., Janghorbani, M., Salehi-Marzijarani, M. & Esmaillzadeh, A. 2012. Effect of dairy consumption on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Int. J. Obes. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.269. [Epub ahead of print]. Abou-Samra, R., Keersmaekers, L., Brienza, D., Mukherjee, R. & Macé, K. 2011. Effect of different protein sources on satiation and short-term satiety when consumed as a starter. Nutr. J., 10:139. ACS. 2005. Cancer facts & figures 2005. Atlanta, GA, USA, American Cancer Society. Aimutis, W.R. 2004. Bioactive properties of milk proteins with particular focus on anticariogenesis. J. Nutr., 134(4):989S–995S. Alberti, K.G., Zimmet, P. & Shaw, J. 2006. Metabolic syndrome–a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Med., 23(5):469–480. Al-Delaimy, W.K. 2008. Commentary: Lactose and ischaemic heart disease: a weak 28-year-old hypothesis. Int. J. Epidemiol., 37(6): 1214–1216. Allen, L.H. & Dror, D.K. 2011. Effects of animal source foods, with emphasis on milk, in the diet of children in low-income countries. In R.A. Clemens, O. Hernell, K.F. Michaelsen, eds. Milk and milk products in human nutrition, pp. 113–130. Basel, Switzerland, S. Karger AG; Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Allen, L.H., Backstrand, J.R., Stanek, E.J., III, Pelto, G.H., Chávez, A., Molina, E., Castillo, J.B. & Mata, A. 1992. The interactive effects of dietary quality on the growth and attained size of young Mexican children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56(2):353– 364. Alvarez-León, E.E., Román-Viñas, B. & Serra-Majem, L. 2006. Dairy products and health: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Brit. J. Nutr., 96(1):S94–99. Anderson, G.H., Luhovyy, B., Akhavan, T. & Panahi, S. 2011. Milk proteins in the regulation of body weight, satiety, food intake and glycemia. In R.A. Clemens, O. Hernell, K.F. Michaelsen, eds. Milk and milk products in human nutrition, pp. 147–159. Basel, Switzerland, S. Karger AG; Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé Nutrition Institute. Appel, L.J., Moore, T.J., Obarzanek, E., Vallmer, W.M., Svetkey, L.P., Sacks, F.M., Bray, G.A., Vogt, T.M. & Cutler, J.A. 1997. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. New Engl. J. Med., 336: 1117–1124. Ashley, F.P., & Wilson, R.F. 1977. Dental plaque and caries. A 3-year longitudinal study in children. Brit. Dent. J., 142(3):85–91. Aune, D., Lau, R., Chan, D.S.M., Vieira, R., Greenwood, D.C., Kampman, E. & Norat, T. 2012. Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies (Review). Ann. Oncol., 23, 37–45. Azadbakht, L., Mirmiran, P., Esmaillzadeh, A., Azizi, T. & Azizi, F. 2005. Beneficial effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 28: 2823–2831. Bailey, D.A., McKay, H.A., Mirwald, R.L. Crocker, P.R. & Faulkner, R.A. 1999. A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: The University of Saskatcjewam Bone Mineral Accrual Study. J. Bone Miner. Res., 14: 1672–1679.
Page 1 and 2:
MILK dairy products in and human nu
Page 3 and 4:
cover photo credits front: © EADD/
Page 5 and 6:
iv 2.7 Emerging issues and challeng
Page 7 and 8:
vi 5.2 Dairy components 209 5.2.1 M
Page 9 and 10:
viii 9.2 Key trends and emerging is
Page 11 and 12:
x 2.5 Per capita energy intake from
Page 13 and 14:
xii Preface Billions of people arou
Page 15 and 16:
xiv The publication serves a variet
Page 17 and 18:
xvi (Research Assistant Professor,
Page 19 and 20:
xviii Permissions granted by extern
Page 21 and 22:
xx FPCM fat and protein-corrected m
Page 23 and 24:
xxii Contributors Anthony Bennett j
Page 25 and 26:
xxiv from the National University o
Page 27 and 28:
xxvi Award 2010 along with colleagu
Page 29 and 30:
2 Milk and dairy products in human
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 38 and 39:
11 Chapter 2 Milk availability: Cur
Page 40 and 41:
Chapter 2 - Milk availability: Curr
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 46 and 47:
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
Page 52 and 53:
Table 2.5 Volume and share of milk
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
41 Chapter 3 Milk and dairy product
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 3 - Milk and dairy product
Page 72 and 73:
Table 3.1 Proximate composition of
Page 74 and 75:
Table 3.2 (continued) Vitamins Ribo
Page 76 and 77:
Table 3.4 Mineral composition in mi
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Table 3.6 (continued) Riboflavin Vi
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
103 Chapter 4 Milk and dairy produc
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
Page 134 and 135:
Table 4.1 Nutrient content of full
Page 136 and 137:
Table 4.2 Contents of selected nutr
Page 138 and 139:
Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
Page 174 and 175: Table 4.4 Summary of recent review
Page 176 and 177: Table 4.4 (continued) Reference Die
Page 210 and 211: Annex Table 4.7 Milk and dairy prod
Page 212 and 213: Table 4.7 (continued) Region and co
Page 234 and 235: 207 Chapter 5 Dairy components, pro
Page 236 and 237: Chapter 5 - Dairy components, produ
Page 238 and 239: Chapter 5 - Dairy components, produ
Page 240 and 241:
Chapter 5 - Dairy components, produ
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 254 and 255:
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Annex Table 5.2 EU register of dair
Page 264 and 265:
Table 5.2 (continued) Claim type Ar
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Page 270 and 271:
243 Chapter 6 Safety and quality Ma
Page 272 and 273:
Chapter 6 - Safety and quality 245
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
Page 286 and 287:
Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300:
Page 303 and 304:
276 Milk and dairy products in huma
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Table 7.1 (continued) Country/organ
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Table 7.1 (continued) 308 Country/o
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
show all

Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?