Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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Chapter 2 – Milk availability: Current production and demand and medium-term outlook 19 figure 2.8 Regional shares of total dairy consumption, 1987 and 2007 1987 2007 Milk Butter and ghee Cheese Industrialized Near East and North Africa Former centrally planned economies East and Southeast Asia South Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Source: FAOSTAT, 2011.
20 Milk and dairy products in human nutrition 2.2 Drivers of increasing consumption of milk and livestock products Levels of per capita consumption of dairy and other livestock products are determined by a number of factors, including economic factors such as income levels and relative prices, demographic factors such as urbanization, and social and cultural factors. Economic growth and rising incomes have been driving growing consumption of livestock products in much of the developing world. Indeed, dairy and other livestock products have a high income-elasticity of demand, especially at low income levels (Table 2.3). This means that a small increase in income leads to a large increase in expenditures on livestock products. Dairy products, in particular, have higher income elasticities of demand than most other food items, including meat and fish. In other words, as incomes increase, expenditures on dairy products will grow more rapidly in percentage terms than most other food items. Furthermore, the elasticities of demand for all food categories, including dairy products, decline with rising income levels. Growth in consumption of dairy products is therefore expected to react strongly to increases in income especially in low- and middle-income countries. This is also illustrated by plotting per capita income against per capita dietary energy intake from dairy products across countries (Figure 2.9). However, the significant dispersion in the observations around the trend line indicates that other factors play a role in determining consumption levels. Urbanization significantly affects patterns of consumption of livestock products. In cities, people typically consume more food away from home and eat larger Table 2.3 Average income elasticities for various food categories across 144 countries in 2005 Low-income countries (N=28) Lower middle-income countries (N=36) Middle-income countries (N=36) High-income countries (N=44) Food beverages and tobacco 0.81 0.77 0.70 0.54 Beverages and tobacco 1.73 1.13 0.92 0.67 Cereals 0.59 0.49 0.34 0.08 Meat 0.80 0.76 0.69 0.53 Dairy 0.83 0.79 0.72 0.55 Fish 0.69 0.64 0.56 0.42 Fats, oils 0.60 0.50 0.37 0.15 Fruits 0.66 0.60 0.51 0.36 Other foods 1.82 1.23 0.98 0.70 Note: The income elasticity estimates the percentage increase in expenditure on the food category resulting from a one percent increase in income. The numbers reported are simple unweighted averages of estimates for the individual countries included in each income group. Source: Authors’ calculations based on data by the USDA Economic Research Service (http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/commodity-and-food-elasticities.aspx).
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207 Chapter 5 Dairy components, pro
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243 Chapter 6 Safety and quality Ma
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Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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