Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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Chapter 8 – Dairy-industry development programmes: Their role in food [...] 339 Box 8.5 (continued) A dairy park in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Province of China ©Mengnui Dairy Company and the dairy park model, with its captive producers, enable restrictive producer pricing; (v) policies and investment have focused on the processing side, with lending to producers generally focused on loans for breeding animals; and (vi) policies supporting producer investment further up the chains, such as in chilling systems, would increase smallholders’ negotiating power with the processors. 1 3A Business Consulting and Shainwright Consulting and Research Group, 2006. 2 Price Department, National Development and Reform Commission, China, 2007. Source: FAO, 2008. local milk to support domestic smallholders and processors. Today over six million schoolchildren get milk at school and school consumption has risen from under 5 kg per year in 1983 to over 40 kg per year and per capita consumption to 31 kg (FAO, 2008). In 2007 the Animal Production and Health Commission for Asia and the Pacific (APHCA), FAO and the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) organized an 18-country strategy for smallholder dairy development. The ensuing Chiang Mai Declaration – A glass of Asian milk a day for every Asian child – included improved household food security and nutrition as a pillar of the decade-long US$250-million investment. Based on nine country studies, the strategy (FAO, 2008) identifies major factors that influence the success of dairy development efforts. These include the following: • Smallholders must be competitive if they are to access markets, i.e. they must produce top-quality milk at affordable prices. If they achieve this, most subsistence smallholder producers become small-scale commercial dairy farmers. • A strategy of including smallholders requires a development vehicle sensitive to impacts of policies, programmes and activities on them.
340 Milk and dairy products in human nutrition • Appropriate technical interventions, on-farm or post-farm, must be supported by an enabling institutional environment marked by prosmallholder policies, as well as a market structure ensuring fair prices. • Smallholder dairy action plans, based on local context and people, are required to transform the regional strategy into national action. • The private sector must be fully engaged in developing the regional strategy and putting the strategy into action at country level. The strategy also notes that the smallholder dairy chain business model has been less successful: • where central plans are used; • when governments intervene by establishing large dairy processing enterprises managed by the public sector; and • where low tariffs facilitated import of cheap commodities rather than local milk. It should however be noted that the impact of such interventions depends on their timing and exit arrangements. If done for a specific purpose and duration and then scrapped as soon as their objective is achieved they may have a positive effect. The first three investments in integrated smallholder dairy value chains under the strategy are underway in Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand, funded by the national governments, CFC, APHCA and FAO. The focus is on increasing income of farming families and improving food security of both farming families and urban consumers through environmentally-friendly dairying interventions: (i) profitable cows, i.e. cows that make the most money for farmers – these are invariably not the highest yielders; (ii) enhanced nutrition and market access; and (iii) enabling policy environments, including the upgrading of national dairy training centres and setting up regional training at Chiang Mai in Thailand (Dugdill, 2004). Latin America The dairy sector in Latin America used to be based on dual-purpose cows because meat production was the primary aim, but this is changing, particularly in Argentina, Brazil and Chile where adoption of specialized dairy breeds has raised milk output over the past two decades. Cattle producers in Latin America and the Caribbean traditionally organized themselves in associations emphasizing meat production. Except for in Uruguay, where the dairy industry has a tradition in cooperative dairying with an export orientation, the role of milk producers’ organizations was limited. There are dairy cooperatives in El Salvador and Honduras but they depend on government assistance. The Dominican Republic and Ecuador have strong support systems for milk producers based on donor assistance. The dairy industries in Argentina and Brazil are large and complex, with a strong private sector and relatively weak producer groups. In Chile some cooperative milk collection schemes exist, and a few small groups of large producers bargain collectively with multinational processors. In Mexico, where the government regulates prices and subsidizes milk schemes, some vertically integrated producer groups supply cities, but rural smallholders are poorly organized.
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MILK dairy products in and human nu
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cover photo credits front: © EADD/
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iv 2.7 Emerging issues and challeng
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vi 5.2 Dairy components 209 5.2.1 M
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viii 9.2 Key trends and emerging is
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x 2.5 Per capita energy intake from
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xii Preface Billions of people arou
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xiv The publication serves a variet
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xvi (Research Assistant Professor,
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xviii Permissions granted by extern
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xx FPCM fat and protein-corrected m
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xxii Contributors Anthony Bennett j
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xxiv from the National University o
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xxvi Award 2010 along with colleagu
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2 Milk and dairy products in human
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11 Chapter 2 Milk availability: Cur
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Chapter 2 - Milk availability: Curr
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Table 2.5 Volume and share of milk
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41 Chapter 3 Milk and dairy product
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Chapter 3 - Milk and dairy product
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Table 3.1 Proximate composition of
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Table 3.2 (continued) Vitamins Ribo
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Table 3.4 Mineral composition in mi
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Table 3.6 (continued) Riboflavin Vi
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103 Chapter 4 Milk and dairy produc
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Chapter 4 - Milk and dairy products
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Table 4.1 Nutrient content of full
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Table 4.2 Contents of selected nutr
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Table 4.4 Summary of recent review
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Annex Table 4.7 Milk and dairy prod
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Table 4.7 (continued) Region and co
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207 Chapter 5 Dairy components, pro
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Chapter 5 - Dairy components, produ
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Annex Table 5.2 EU register of dair
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243 Chapter 6 Safety and quality Ma
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Chapter 6 - Safety and quality 245
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Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

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