Milk-and-Dairy-Products-in-Human-Nutrition-FAO

Chapter 2 – Milk availability: Current production and demand and medium-term outlook 29
figure 2.12
Share of livestock products in global agricultural export value, 1961–2009
% of world agricultural export value
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
Dairy Eggs Meat
Source: FAOSTAT, 2011.
Table 2.6
Global trade in dairy products, 1980–2008 (in milk equivalents)
World exports
(Million tonnes)
Share of total production
(Percent)
Annual growth
in exports
(Percent)
Product 1980 2008 1980 2008 1980–2008
Dairy* 41.7 92.2 8.5 12.6 2.9
* Milk equivalent
Source: FAOSTAT, 2011.
Generally, geographic patterns of production and trade of dairy products have
been significantly affected by agricultural and other economic policies in both
developed and developing countries.
Typically, developed countries have tended to protect and subsidize agricultural
producers through various trade and agricultural policy instruments. Milk
has on average received the one of the highest levels of subsidies and protection
as measured by the nominal rate of assistance (NRA). NRA is an indicator that
measures the percentage by which government policies have raised gross returns
to farmers above what they would have been without government intervention.
However, between the beginning of the 1980s (1980–84) and the beginning of the
2000s (2000–2004) the level of subsidization of milk in the developing countries –
measured by the average NRA – has declined significantly as a result of widespread
agricultural policy reforms among the developed countries. However, the NRA for
milk remains positive and the third highest after rice and sugar (Anderson, 2009).
Developing countries also have tended to subsidize milk producers, although to a
much lesser extent than those in developed countries, and the level of subsidization
declined between 1980–84 and 2000–04 (Anderson, 2009).