Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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It is apparent that the “adequate theoretical and scientific base” must include a causal explanation of how the psychological processes involved in deception can result in the physiological or neurological processes observed during deception. Unfortunately, such an explanation will not be easy to develop and is unlikely to be available in the short term. The psychology of deception is not a mature field, and the neural mechanisms that underlie the ability to intentionally suppress, distort, or fabricate information are not yet well understood. Consequently, if the National Research Council is correct in stating that confidence in a given technique will require a solid theoretical base, then a significant research investment into the underlying neuropsychological mechanisms of deception must be made before any practical system for detecting deception can be developed and employed. Even if the National Research Council is wrong, and the “system first” school of thought is correct, other problems may need to be solved before any practical system for deception detection can be developed, tested, and operationally deployed in the field. These problems are characteristic of experimentation in an artificial laboratory setting. Such research does not typically result in subjects’ experiencing the same level of threat, motivation, stress, or fear that is likely to be experienced by a subject in a real-world situation involving detection of deception. The demographics of the cohorts used in these, usually university, experiments are likely to differ greatly from those of individuals of interest in the field. These problems make it difficult to use the findings of laboratory research as a basis on which to develop a practical deception detection system. Thus, despite the polygraph’s shortcomings, there is currently no viable technical alternative to polygraphy. After reviewing the EEG and fMRI deception detection efforts, as well as some other psychophysiological candidate techniques (e.g., VSA), the National Research Council concluded that “some of the potential alternatives show promise, but none has yet been shown to outperform the polygraph. None shows any promise of supplanting the polygraph for screening purposes in the near term” (Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph, 2002, p. 6–15). This does not imply that these efforts have no value. On the contrary, the results to date show that these approaches have promise, and may even be viable in some situations where their level of accuracy is acceptable. However, much more research is needed if these techniques are to become operationally useful and reliable in situations that require a higher level of accuracy. 85
References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, Maki, Tsukiura, Takashi, More, Etsuro, Yamaguchi, Keiichiro, Itoh, Masatoshi, and Fujii, Toshikatsu. (2005). “Dissociable Roles of Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices in Deception.” Cerebral Cortex, DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhi097, 2 May. Baker, L., Goldstein, R., and Stem, J. A. (1992). Saccadic Eye Movements in Deception. Report No. DoDPI92-R-0003, December. Department of Defense Polygraph Institute, Fort McClellan, Alabama. Backster, C. (1962). “Method of Strengthening Our Polygraph Technique.” Police 6, 61–68. Bartlett, Marian S., Braathen, Bjorn, Littlewort-Ford, Gwen, Hershy, John, Fasel, Ian, Marks, Tim, Smith, Evan, Sejnowski, Terrence J., and Movellan, Javier R. (2001). Automatic Analysis of Spontaneous Facial Behavior: A Final Project Report. UCSD MPLab TR 2001.08, 31 October. University of California, San Diego and the Salk Institute, San Diego, California. Bashore, T. R. and Rapp, P. E. (1993). “Are There Alternatives to Traditional Polygraph Procedures” Psychological Bulletin 113, 3–22. Ben-Shakhar, G. (1991). “Clinical Judgment and Decision-Making in CQT- Polygraphy: A Comparison with Other Pseudoscientific Applications in Psychology.” Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science 26 (3), 232–240. Ben-Shakhar, G., and Elaad, E. (2002). “The Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT) as an Application of Psychophysiology: Future Prospects and Obstacles.” In Kleiner, M. (ed), Handbook of Polygraph Testing (87–102). San Diego: Academic Press. Ben-Shakhar, G., Bar-Hillel, Maya, and Kremnitzer, Mordechai. (2002). “Trial by Polygraph: Reconsidering the Use of the Guilty Knowledge Technique in Court.” Law and Human Behavior 26 (5), October, 527–541. Ben-Shakhar, G., and Dolev, K. (1996). “Psychophysiological Detection Through the Guilty Knowledge Technique: The Effects of Mental Countermeasures.” Journal of Applied Psychology 81, 273–281. Ben-Shakhar, G., Gronau, N., and Elaad, E. (1999). “Leakage of Relevant Information to Innocent Examinees in the GKT: An Attempt to Reduce False-Positive Outcomes by Introducing Target Stimuli.” Journal of Applied Psychology 84, 651–660. Bunce, Scott C., Devaraj, Ajit, Izzetoglu, Meltem, Onaral, Banu, and Pourrezaei, Kambiz. (2005). “Detecting Deception in The Brain: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study of Neural Correlates of Intentional Deception.” Proceedings of SPIE, 5769, 24–32. 86
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
Page 67 and 68: • General cognitive slowing (Ding
Page 69 and 70: in non-Western cultures, so there i
Page 71 and 72: References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
Page 73 and 74: Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
Page 75 and 76: Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
Page 78 and 79: 3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
Page 80 and 81: methods are potentially valuable to
Page 82 and 83: negative statements or complaints,
Page 84 and 85: younger and more limited in life ex
Page 86 and 87: in obtaining information. The pract
Page 88 and 89: References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
Page 90 and 91: 28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
Page 92 and 93: 55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
Page 94: 82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
Page 97 and 98: methodological means for detecting
Page 99 and 100: The use of the polygraph for securi
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Page 111 and 112: The differences in experimental des
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Page 117: detection [emphasis in original]”
Page 121 and 122: Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
Page 123 and 124: Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
Page 125 and 126: Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
Page 128 and 129: 5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
Page 130 and 131: ests in the nature of two fundament
Page 132 and 133: not reach the depth required in an
Page 134 and 135: Qualities of an Effective Interroga
Page 136 and 137: thoughtful, systematic approach. In
Page 138 and 139: While the Joint Interrogation Facil
Page 140 and 141: generally sound tactics from the be
Page 142 and 143: source pool. The disciplined interr
Page 144 and 145: undermining the objectivity and acc
Page 146 and 147: The fundamental objective of an int
Page 148 and 149: generated inside the interrogatee.
Page 150 and 151: may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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Page 154 and 155: to reliably filter out those indivi
Page 156 and 157: expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
Page 158 and 159: Second, there is the tactical error
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Page 162 and 163: Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
Page 164 and 165: The concept of regression appears t
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
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negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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that the other party will refuse to
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face or, better yet, improve their
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creatively; they improve the likeli
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Commitments Commit to telling no or
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Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
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Introduction Any interaction betwee
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first told that A and B have constr
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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