Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Table of Contents Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Foreword, Robert Destro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Prologue, Robert A. Fein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Commentaries, Pauletta Otis, John Wahlquist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Introduction, Robert A. Fein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Scientific Papers 1. The Costs and Benefits of Interrogation in the Struggle Against Terrorism Robert Coulam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2. Approaching Truth: Behavioral Science Lessons on Educing Information from Human Sources Randy Borum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3. Research on Detection of Deception: What We Know vs. What We Think We Know Gary Hazlett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4. Mechanical Detection of Deception: A Short Review Kristin E. Heckman and Mark D. Happel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5. KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation Review: Observations of an Interrogator – Lessons Learned and Avenues for Further Research Steven M. Kleinman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6. Custodial Interrogations: What We Know, What We Do, and What We Can Learn from Law Enforcement Experiences Ariel Neuman and Daniel Salinas-Serrano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 7. Barriers to Success: Critical Challenges in Developing a New Educing Information Paradigm Steven M. Kleinman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 iii
8. Negotiation Theory and Practice: Exploring Ideas to Aid Information Eduction Daniel L. Shapiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 9. Negotiation Theory and Educing Information: Practical Concepts and Tools M. P. Rowe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 10. Options for Scientific Research on Eduction Practices Paul Lehner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 11. Educing Information Bibliography (Annotated) Theresa Dillon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 iv
Page 1 and 2: Educing Information Interrogation:
Page 3 and 4: Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
Page 5: The National Defense Intelligence C
Page 10 and 11: Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
Page 12: that the interrogation of adverse p
Page 15 and 16: for interrogation. What kinds of
Page 18 and 19: Commentaries Educing Information: T
Page 20 and 21: to public execution. This saved the
Page 22 and 23: of principles and rules to guide th
Page 24 and 25: Educing Information: Interrogation
Page 26 and 27: move, but defecate and urinate on t
Page 28: in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
Page 31 and 32: (SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
Page 33 and 34: Rowe is married to the Study Direct
Page 35 and 36: than “interrogate,” which incre
Page 37 and 38: • Begun to map the relevance of n
Page 39 and 40: The effectiveness of standard inter
Page 41 and 42: complexity of our choices and the n
Page 43 and 44: contemporary experience of other co
Page 45 and 46: that it is widely believed to be th
Page 47 and 48: treatment would have some positive
Page 49 and 50: programs and strategies in the most
Page 51 and 52: information on our adversaries’ p
Page 53 and 54: communications, discourse analysis,
Page 55 and 56: 4,405 published entries. Not surpri
Page 57 and 58:
Reciprocity There is a powerful —
Page 59 and 60:
using coercive strategies also has
Page 61 and 62:
directives. If anything the case ag
Page 63 and 64:
VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
Page 65 and 66:
Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
Page 67 and 68:
• General cognitive slowing (Ding
Page 69 and 70:
in non-Western cultures, so there i
Page 71 and 72:
References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
Page 73 and 74:
Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
Page 75 and 76:
Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
Page 78 and 79:
3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
Page 80 and 81:
methods are potentially valuable to
Page 82 and 83:
negative statements or complaints,
Page 84 and 85:
younger and more limited in life ex
Page 86 and 87:
in obtaining information. The pract
Page 88 and 89:
References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
Page 90 and 91:
28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
Page 92 and 93:
55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
Page 94:
82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
Page 97 and 98:
methodological means for detecting
Page 99 and 100:
The use of the polygraph for securi
Page 101 and 102:
and potentially could interfere wit
Page 103 and 104:
fixates when it pauses in a particu
Page 105 and 106:
Potential Research has not yet esta
Page 107 and 108:
the Korean War to release repressed
Page 109 and 110:
consuming to emplace properly, and
Page 111 and 112:
The differences in experimental des
Page 113 and 114:
his government funding. Langleben h
Page 115 and 116:
training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
Page 119 and 120:
References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
Page 121 and 122:
Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
Page 123 and 124:
Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
Page 125 and 126:
Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
Page 128 and 129:
5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
Page 130 and 131:
ests in the nature of two fundament
Page 132 and 133:
not reach the depth required in an
Page 134 and 135:
Qualities of an Effective Interroga
Page 136 and 137:
thoughtful, systematic approach. In
Page 138 and 139:
While the Joint Interrogation Facil
Page 140 and 141:
generally sound tactics from the be
Page 142 and 143:
source pool. The disciplined interr
Page 144 and 145:
undermining the objectivity and acc
Page 146 and 147:
The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
Page 158 and 159:
Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
Page 174 and 175:
6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
Page 184 and 185:
are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
Page 190 and 191:
Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
Page 194 and 195:
others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
Page 200 and 201:
observe and document the interrogat
Page 202 and 203:
2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
Page 204 and 205:
legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
Page 214 and 215:
3. Establish confidence and friendl
Page 216 and 217:
At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
Page 218 and 219:
The Reid Technique text then review
Page 220 and 221:
the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
Page 224 and 225:
Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
Page 226 and 227:
• The Singleness of Purpose • T
Page 228 and 229:
Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
Page 234 and 235:
in the police may be undermined, wh
Page 236 and 237:
to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
Page 244 and 245:
Once the agents have completed thei
Page 246 and 247:
that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
Page 250 and 251:
or even a seemingly random phone nu
Page 252 and 253:
to know oneself and one’s limits
Page 254 and 255:
educed the scope of coercive questi
Page 256 and 257:
Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
Page 258 and 259:
confess at lower rates than those n
Page 260 and 261:
variation for different types of su
Page 262 and 263:
suspicious of an overly friendly in
Page 264 and 265:
1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
Page 266:
to discuss and exchange techniques,
Page 269 and 270:
Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
Page 271 and 272:
field experience) the professional
Page 273 and 274:
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
Page 275 and 276:
Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
Page 277 and 278:
language pool, as advised by the Ho
Page 279 and 280:
words and deeds that individuals or
Page 281 and 282:
using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
Page 283 and 284:
subject-matter experts observe the
Page 285 and 286:
systems approach recognizes interro
Page 287 and 288:
to find a better operational exempl
Page 289 and 290:
Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
Page 291 and 292:
philosophy that advances the follow
Page 293 and 294:
The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296:
Example of Action: The interrogator
Page 297 and 298:
this technology fall far short of t
Page 299 and 300:
Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302:
This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304:
The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
Page 305 and 306:
claimed that a piece of land in the
Page 307 and 308:
negotiation. Standards of legitimac
Page 309 and 310:
that the other party will refuse to
Page 311 and 312:
face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314:
creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316:
Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318:
Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320:
Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322:
first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324:
house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326:
information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328:
their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330:
How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332:
tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334:
Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
Page 335 and 336:
from the past, could be coded and a
Page 337 and 338:
After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340:
accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342:
Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344:
Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346:
This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348:
Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350:
Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352:
Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354:
McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356:
A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357 and 358:
Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360:
Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362:
Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364:
C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
Page 365 and 366:
Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
Page 367 and 368:
L Language (see also Foreign langua
Page 369 and 370:
Positions (see also Perceptual posi
Page 371 and 372:
Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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