Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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uses of hypnosis in interrogation”; Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, “The experimental investigation of interpersonal influence”; and Malcolm L. Meltzer, “Countermanipulation through malingering.” Biderman, A. D. (1963). An Annotated Bibliography on Prisoner Interrogation, Compliance and Resistance. DTIC – AD670999. Washington, DC: Bureau of Social Science Research. This bibliography contains about 200 items from the unclassified literature that appeared in 1953–1963 on prisoner interrogation, compliance and resistance. Blagrove, M. (1996). “Effects of Length of Sleep Deprivation on Interrogative Suggestibility.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 2 (1), 48- 59. Blagrove investigates whether loss of sleep can cause people to acquiesce to leading questions as well as change their answers in subsequent interviews. In this study, subjects listened to two taped short stories and later, after one or two nights without sleep, answered a set of leading questions on information not contained in the stories. Using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, a standard measure of interrogative suggestibility, participants were scored on how many affirmative answers they gave to leading questions and on how often they changed answers after negative feedback. The study reveals that sleep-deprived individuals are more suggestible than control groups, due to lowered cognitive ability and the motivation to acquiesce. Cunningham, C. (1972). “International Interrogation Techniques.” Journal of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies 117 (3), 31–34. Cunningham, former Senior Psychologist, POW Intelligence, UK Ministry of Defence, discusses the object of interrogation and reviews the three methods of interrogation: direct, indirect, and clandestine. This article was written in response to the UK’s 1972 Parker Report, which recommends authorized procedures for the interrogation of suspected terrorists. 317
Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory Deprivation and Overload.” In L. Goldberger and S. Breznitz (eds.), Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, 2nd ed. New York: Free Press, 333–341. This brief chapter provides an overview of research on sensory deprivation and overload by reviewing the major studies and findings since the 1950s. The practical application of sensory research to a variety of domains is discussed. Hinkle Jr, L. E., and Wolff, H. G. (1956). “Communist Interrogation and Indoctrination of ‘Enemies of the States’.” AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 78, 115–174. This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the structure and practices of the Russian KGB and the state police in Communist China in the 1950s. On the basis of input from field experts, the study of former Communist prisoners, and published literature, Wolff and Hinkle provide a window into Communist arrest and interrogation systems from investigation to “trial.” Hoare, O. (ed). (2000). Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies: The Official History of MI5’s Wartime Interrogation Centre. Richmond, Surrey: Public Record Office (UK). Originally published in 1947 as TOP SECRET by R. W. G. Stephens and titled, “A Digest of Ham.” This book captures MI5’s official history of Camp 020, Britain’s WWII spy prison. The introduction reviews the events that led to the establishment of Camp 020, including the public hysteria over a supposed Fifth Column of German agents working behind Western lines; outlines the organization of WWII British intelligence services; and paints a picture of Lieutenant-Colonel R.W.G. “Tin Eye” Stephens, Commandant of Camp 020. Volume One deals with interrogation techniques, trends in enemy espionage, and the various phases of Camp 020’s development. Volume Two provides case histories, including how agents were “broken” and the resulting intelligence yield. Kleinman, S. M. (2002). The History of MIS-Y: U.S. Strategic Interrogation during World War II. Unpublished master’s thesis, DTIC Document ADA447589. Washington, DC: Joint Military Intelligence College. This thesis captures the essence of the MIS-Y strategic interrogation program and the challenges of obtaining intelligence through the interrogation of German prisoners-of-war in support of the Allied war effort. MIS-Y operated from 1942–1945 at Fort Hunt near Washington, D.C., and was a carefully guarded secret. This study examines the key elements of the MIS-Y strategic interrogation mission, including 318
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
Page 299 and 300: Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
Page 305 and 306: claimed that a piece of land in the
Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
Page 309 and 310: that the other party will refuse to
Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328: their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
Page 335 and 336: from the past, could be coded and a
Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346: This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349: Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 353 and 354: McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356: A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357 and 358: Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360: Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362: Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364: C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
Page 365 and 366: Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
Page 367 and 368: L Language (see also Foreign langua
Page 369 and 370: Positions (see also Perceptual posi
Page 371 and 372: Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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