Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Assessing the Net Value of Using Language-Qualified Interrogators Rather Than Interpreters(contd.) Disadvantages • High cost of recruiting, training, and managing a large cadre of interrogators (exacerbated by the uncertainties over what languages might be required to meet future operational requirements) • Native or near-native language capabilities — notoriously difficult to acquire —required to support current and anticipated national security interests • Frequent field exercises (designed to mirror challenging, real-world operations) required to avoid loss of labile skill In looking for models that could help inform U.S. EI policy in this regard, it is difficult to find another country that faces anywhere near the same complex, diversified, and always-changing linguistic capabilities challenge. Israel, for example, while offering intriguing examples of best practices from an EI perspective, has consistently faced an enemy that, with the exception of Iran, speaks Arabic. South Korea, another country that has effectively and systematically exploited information from captured enemy personnel, continues to face an adversary (i.e., North Korea) with which it shares a native language. By way of contrast, even when considering only the Global War on Terrorism (ignoring, for the moment, the possibility of a simultaneous major regional conflict), the United States confronts a veritable Tower of Babel (see the list on the next page). It is imperative that the U.S. chart a course for resolving these imposing linguistic challenges. 239
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Languages Central Asian Languages • Afghanistan −Dari, Pashto, Tajik, Uzbek • Uzbekistan −Uzbek • Turkmenistan −Turkmen • Pakistan −Pashto, Urdu, Baluchi • India −Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi Southeast Asian Languages • Philippines −Tagalog, Tausug, Cebuano, Illocano • Indonesia −Indonesian/Javanese • Malaysia −Malay Source: Clifford Porter, Asymmetrical Warfare, Transformation, and Foreign Language Capability (Ft. Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Combat Studies Institute, March 2002), 4-6. URL: http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/porter.pdf. As the effort to create the next generation of EI professionals moves forward, decisionmakers must carefully address the following fundamental questions: • Is it feasible to build a cadre of highly capable interrogators who also command near-native fluency in the required languages • How prepared are military and civilian government personnel systems to train an interrogator in operational methodology, and also in a language that has no immediate operational requirement • Is it possible to develop a recognized and sufficiently compensated career field for professional interpreters who have been specifically trained to support interrogation operations Clifford Porter, Command Historian at the Defense Language Institute, begins to address these questions as he examines options available for the U.S. military to acquire and employ foreign language capabilities. On the basis of his extensive experience in developing and managing Defense Department foreign language 240
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
Page 222 and 223: Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Page 226 and 227: • The Singleness of Purpose • T
Page 228 and 229: Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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Page 238 and 239: 1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
Page 240 and 241: should also be attentive to signs o
Page 242 and 243: studies have tested the specific FB
Page 244 and 245: Once the agents have completed thei
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Page 250 and 251: or even a seemingly random phone nu
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Page 254 and 255: educed the scope of coercive questi
Page 256 and 257: Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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Page 264 and 265: 1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
Page 266: to discuss and exchange techniques,
Page 269 and 270: Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
Page 271: field experience) the professional
Page 275 and 276: Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
Page 277 and 278: language pool, as advised by the Ho
Page 279 and 280: words and deeds that individuals or
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Page 285 and 286: systems approach recognizes interro
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Page 289 and 290: Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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Page 293 and 294: The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296: Example of Action: The interrogator
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Page 299 and 300: Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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