Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Study Country Type ofData Sample Confession/ admission (%) Proportion having legal advice (%) Phillips and Brown England Police documents/ questionnaires 4250 55 33 Softley England Observational 187 61 9 Zander England Crown Court files 282 76 N/A KLM Proportion of suspects who confess or make admission. 302 Source: The authors; data compiled from references shown sequentially in box below. J. Baldwin and M. McConville, Confessions in Crown Court Trials, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure Research Study No. 5 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), 1980). P.G. Cassell and B.S. Hayman, “Police Interrogation In the 1990s: An Empirical Study of the Effects of Miranda”, in The Miranda Debate, Justice and Policing, R.A. Leo and G.C. Thomas III, eds. (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1998), 222-235. B. Irving, Police Interrogation. A Case Study of Current Practice, Research Studies No. 2 (London: HMSO, 1980). B. Irving and I.K. McKenzie, Police Interrogation: The Effects of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (London: The Police Foundation, 1989). R. Leo, “Inside the Interrogation Room,” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 86, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 266-303. B. Mitchell, “Confessions and Police Interrogations of Suspects,” Criminal Law Review (September 1983), 596-604. S.J. Moston and G.M. Stephenson, “Predictors of Suspect and Interviewer Behaviour During Police Questioning,” in Psychology and Law: International Perspectives, F. Loesel et al. eds. (UK: Walter de Gruyter, 1992), 212-218. S. Moston et al., “The Effects of Case Characteristics on Suspect Behaviour during Police Questioning,” British Journal of Criminology 32 (1992): 23-40. 302 Id., 137 165
D.W. Neubauer, “Confessions in Prairie City: Some Causes and Effects,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 65 (1974), 103-112. J. Pearse et al., “Police Interviewing and Psychological Vulnerabilities: Predicting the Likelihood of a Confession,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 8, no. 1 (1998), 1-21. C. Phillips and D. Brown, Entry into the Criminal Justice System: A Survey of Police Arrests and their Outcomes, Home Office Research Study no. 185 (London: HMSO, 1998). P. Softley, Police Interrogation. An Observational Study in Four Police Stations, Home Office Research Study no. 61(London: HMSO, 1980). M. Zander, “The Investigation of Crime: A Study of Cases Tried at the Old Bailey,” Criminal Law Review (1979), 203-219. Even a cursory study of these data makes clear that the admission/confession rate is substantially (about 15%) lower in the United States than in England. However, Gudjonsson cautions against drawing any conclusions from this disparity for several reasons. First, he notes that generalizations from the available data may be unwise given “the scarcity of recent studies in the United States and the relatively low number of cases evaluated in each study.” 303 Second, differences between England and the United States in confession rates “may relate to the greater impact of the Miranda rules on the confession rate than the restrictions imposed on British law enforcement.” 304 Third, Gudjonsson suggests that many English legal representatives at police stations might be “passive and ineffectual in their role.” 305 Finally, he notes that confession rate differences across nations “may be related to cultural factors influencing both police and suspects.” 306 Additionally, it should be noted that the data cited in Table 2 for the most recent U.S. study (Leo, 1996) do not include suspects who made incriminating statements shy of an admission or confession. As explained below, inclusion of these figures would dramatically alter the results. Richard Leo’s 1996 study of interrogation practices in the United States involved nine months of observational work inside a major urban police department in the United States, where he contemporaneously observed 122 interrogations involving 45 different detectives. 307 Leo also viewed 30 videotaped custodial interrogations performed by a second police department, and another 30 videotaped interrogations performed by a third. 308 Generally, Leo sought to 303 Gudjonsson, see note 110, p. 139. 304 Id., 139-40. 305 Id., 140. 306 Id. 307 Leo, see note 110, p. 268. 308 Id. 166
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
Page 148 and 149: generated inside the interrogatee.
Page 150 and 151: may be driven by intra- and/or inte
Page 152 and 153: as the sights and sounds of an outs
Page 154 and 155: to reliably filter out those indivi
Page 156 and 157: expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
Page 158 and 159: Second, there is the tactical error
Page 160 and 161: that it is typical of the other ser
Page 162 and 163: Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
Page 164 and 165: The concept of regression appears t
Page 166 and 167: In general, direct physical brutali
Page 168 and 169: een accomplished would the interrog
Page 170 and 171: himself, and then projects the cont
Page 172 and 173: The U.S. interrogation effort must
Page 174 and 175: 6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
Page 176 and 177: While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
Page 178 and 179: Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
Page 180 and 181: and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
Page 182 and 183: • Many criminal investigations ca
Page 184 and 185: are not based on what is objectivel
Page 186 and 187: almost nonexistent and interrogator
Page 188 and 189: inconsistent with information from
Page 190 and 191: Social Events The first type of soc
Page 192 and 193: and make them more responsive to in
Page 194 and 195: others within that environment.”
Page 196 and 197: that it is necessary to ask the que
Page 200 and 201: observe and document the interrogat
Page 202 and 203: 2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
Page 204 and 205: legal advice. 349 Though not direct
Page 206 and 207: while unsuccessful interrogations w
Page 208 and 209: discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
Page 210 and 211: learned to observe and interpret hu
Page 212 and 213: suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
Page 214 and 215: 3. Establish confidence and friendl
Page 216 and 217: At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
Page 218 and 219: The Reid Technique text then review
Page 220 and 221: the suspect “man-to-man” rather
Page 222 and 223: Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
Page 224 and 225: Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
Page 226 and 227: • The Singleness of Purpose • T
Page 228 and 229: Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
Page 230 and 231: suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
Page 232 and 233: in mind the possibility that the pe
Page 234 and 235: in the police may be undermined, wh
Page 236 and 237: to the confession factors. Moreover
Page 238 and 239: 1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
Page 240 and 241: should also be attentive to signs o
Page 242 and 243: studies have tested the specific FB
Page 244 and 245: Once the agents have completed thei
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
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negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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that the other party will refuse to
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face or, better yet, improve their
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creatively; they improve the likeli
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Commitments Commit to telling no or
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Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
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Introduction Any interaction betwee
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first told that A and B have constr
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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