Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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11 Educing Information Bibliography Theresa Dillon The MITRE Corporation February 2006 This selected, annotated bibliography accompanies the Intelligence Science Board Study on Educing Information. It includes the most useful items in English covering the theory, research and pragmatics of interrogation over the past 50 years. Deception detection, persuasion, and compliance research as well as legal and military doctrine are not covered in this bibliography. Interrogation Best Practices Biderman, A. D. (1960). “Social Psychological Needs and ‘Involuntary’ Behavior As Illustrated by Compliance in Interrogation.” Sociometry 23 (2), 120-147. Drawing on a study of former Korean War U.S. Air Force POWs, Biderman presents a social-psychological framework to explain why prisoners yield during interrogation, with emphasis on the inability of most POWs to remain silent during interrogation. Silence is inconsistent with the prisoners’ need to maintain a viable social role and positive self-esteem. Also considered are the effects of frustration, hostility and guilt. Bowden, M. (2003). “The Dark Art of Interrogation.” The Atlantic Monthly, October, 51-76. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200310/bowden [Accessed 5/8/2006] Bowden provides an in-depth account of the debate over torture via case studies and interviews. The author traces the history of U.S. interrogation and presents best practices as reported by expert interrogators from Israel’s General Security Service, the New York Police Department, and the CIA. Johnson, W. R. (1986). “Tricks of the Trade: Counterintelligence Interrogation.” The International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 1(2), 103-113. 311
This essay presents lessons that the author learned as an interrogator during WWII. Johnson discusses why torture does not work; characteristics that make a good interrogator; and how to handle hard cases involving sociopaths, veterans of torture and professional intelligence officers. Lelyveld, J. (2005). “Interrogating Ourselves.” New York Times Magazine, 12 June. This essay reviews legal issues surrounding “torture lite.” The author reports on interviews with high-profile interrogators about best practices in interrogation; reviews the Kennedy School and Harvard Law School project that proposes legislating standards for the application of torture lite; and examines what the United States can learn from interrogation practices in Israel. Meltzer, M. L. (1958). Power and Resistance in Interrogation. DTIC – AD220464. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Medical Center. Distribution authorized to U.S. government agencies and their contractors. Meltzer examines different types of power employed by interrogators, including reward power, coercive power, expert power, attraction power, and legitimate power. Citing supporting research studies, the author details when each approach should be used and the psychological forces at work. Moran, S. F. (1944). Suggestions for Japanese Interpreters Based on Work in the Field. San Francisco: Division Intelligence Section, Headquarters, First Marine Division, Fleet Marine Force. The original source document is located at the Alfred M. Gray Research Center (USMC Archives) of the Marine Corps University in Quantico, Virginia. Link: http://www.mcu.usmc.mil/MCRCweb/ This letter report by Marine Major Sherwood Moran highlights the importance of attitude and language skills for a successful interpreter. He rejects strong-arm tactics in favor of rapport building. Interpreters should exhibit sincerity and sympathy and be good salesmen. Idiomatic language skills and cultural knowledge are also recommended. Having spent 40 years in Japan as a missionary prior to WWII, Moran draws on his knowledge of language and culture in this timeless report. Stanton, G. (1995). “Defense against Communist Interrogation Organizations.” In H. B. Westerfield (ed), Inside the CIA’s Private World: Declassified Articles from the Agency’s Internal Journal, 1955-1992. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 415-436. 312
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
Page 293 and 294: The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296: Example of Action: The interrogator
Page 297 and 298: this technology fall far short of t
Page 299 and 300: Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328: their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
Page 335 and 336: from the past, could be coded and a
Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350: Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352: Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354: McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356: A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357 and 358: Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360: Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362: Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364: C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
Page 365 and 366: Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
Page 367 and 368: L Language (see also Foreign langua
Page 369 and 370: Positions (see also Perceptual posi
Page 371 and 372: Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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