Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Law Enforcement Tradition Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook. John Wiley and Sons. Gudjonsson, an expert on false confession, examines various aspects of investigative interviewing and highlights the accuracy and completeness of the information gathered during police interrogation. This book covers the theoretical, research, and practical aspects of interrogation and confession in the United States and Britain. In addition, it addresses reasons why suspects confess, false confession, and suggestibility, as well as English and U.S. law regarding confessions. Inbau, F. E., Reid, J. E., Buckley, J. P., and Jayne, B. C. (2004). Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. 4th ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. First published in 1962, this book is the classic text for the Reid Technique, the standard U.S. law enforcement approach to interview and interrogation. Kassin, S. M. (2005). “On the Psychology of Confessions: Does Innocence Put Innocents at Risk” American Psychologist 60 (3), 215-228. Confession evidence plays a part in 15% to 25% of wrongful convictions. What causes innocent people to make false confessions In pre-interrogation interviews, investigators make judgments about guilt that influence the entire interrogation process. Innocent suspects waive their Miranda rights in the belief that their innocence will exonerate them and are subjected to coercive interrogation designed to elicit confession. Police, judges, and juries cannot distinguish between uncorroborated true and false confessions. The author proposes reforms to current interrogation practices including videotaping interrogations as a means of protecting innocent suspects. Kassin, S. M., and Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). “The Psychology of Confessions: A Review of the Literature and Issues.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5 (2), 33-67. This comprehensive literature review surveys major research on confession. It examines the pre-interrogation interview; the impact of Miranda; modern police interrogation methods; the problem of false confessions; and the consequences of confession evidence. It also discusses detection of deception, social influences, why people waive their Miranda rights, and why people confess. 325
Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion to Deception: The Changing Nature of Police Interrogation in America.” Crime, Law and Social Change 18, 35-59. Over the past 50 years, methods of police interrogation have shifted from the use of physical coercion to psychological deception. Coercive interrogation, or the “third degree,” is characterized by physical violence, torture, duress and threats of harm. Deceptive interrogation includes misrepresenting the interrogation as an interview; downplaying the seriousness of offenses; playing sympathetic roles to manipulate suspects; offering psychological excuses or moral justifications for actions; making promises; concealing the interrogator’s identity; and fabricating evidence. Leo describes and explains the changes in police interrogation as driven by police professionalization, changing public attitudes, and court-driven legal doctrine. Leo, R. A. (1996). “Inside the Interrogation Room.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (2), 266-303. Based on fieldwork involving 182 cases, this study describes and analyzes police interrogation practices in the U.S. criminal justice system. Findings indicate that the number of interrogation tactics employed and the length of the interrogation contribute to successful interrogation. The most successful tactics include appealing to the suspect’s conscience; identifying contradictions in the suspect’s story; using praise or flattery; and offering moral justifications or psychological excuses. Successful interrogations are defined as those interrogations that elicit incriminating information from suspects. Ofshe, R. J. (1989). “Coerced Confessions: The Logic of Seemingly Irrational Action.” Cultic Studies Journal 6 (1), 1-15. An expert in false confessions, Ofshe uses the case study of Tom Sawyer, a man coerced into confessing to murdering his neighbor in 1986, to illustrate how police can manipulate certain vulnerable suspects into confessing to and even believing they have committed crimes of which they have no memory and which evidence proves they could not have committed. Ofshe, R. J., and Leo, R. A. (1997). “The Social Psychology of Police Interrogation: The Theory and Classification of True and False Confessions.” Studies in Law, Politics and Society 16, 189-251. Ofshe and Leo, leading researchers in false confession, present a socialpsychological model of police interrogation that describes both tactics that interrogators use to influence the interrogation and factors that 326
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
Page 309 and 310: that the other party will refuse to
Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328: their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346: This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350: Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352: Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354: McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356: A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357: Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 361 and 362: Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364: C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
Page 365 and 366: Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
Page 367 and 368: L Language (see also Foreign langua
Page 369 and 370: Positions (see also Perceptual posi
Page 371 and 372: Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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