Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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During this same period, the study of non-coercive interrogation methods to support intelligence collection received only modest interest. <strong>Interrogation</strong> tactics, techniques, and procedures established in the Cold War era fell short in building upon the legacy of World War II strategic interrogation operations. Instead, contemporary interrogation doctrine and training curricula were developed without the benefit of formal studies of the potential efficacy of offensive interrogation 684 methods. In sum, a considerable portion of “what we know” about interrogation — including approach methodology, the detection of deception, and reading body language — is in fact largely unsubstantiated. Thus, when the Global War on Terror focused us anew on devising offensive interrogation methods, the product was at times adulterated by the principles of coercive interrogation drawn from studies of Communist methodologies. As this war has continued, evidence of the employment of coercive methods by U.S. interrogators has appeared with alarming frequency. The opportunity currently presents itself to make a transition to the next generation of educing information. The strategies that will form the foundation for the third generation of doctrine and practice for educing information will be driven by the need to overcome the barriers outlined in this paper. The effort should be characterized by the following considerations: • Methods will be consistent with long-standing U.S. legal and moral traditions. • Formal research will, whenever possible, seek to demonstrate the efficacy of methods in an operational setting. • Institutions will recognize that the complexity of challenges in interrogation is on par with those of clandestine collection operations. • Standards of conduct and formal vetting programs will be introduced to limit recruitment to those individuals best suited to dealing with the complexities and ambiguities of interrogation. • The long-term examination of selected high-value sources will take place under exacting standards and be subject to appropriate oversight. • Rigorous requirements for initial and ongoing training, accompanied by an unambiguous standard of ethics and practices, will introduce a new level of professionalism into the interrogation discipline. The barriers to success in educing information, while formidable, are not insurmountable. That these barriers still confront us reflects not necessarily the complexity of the barriers per se, but rather the absence of a systematic effort to address them. In this regard, the words of Colin Powell, former Chairman of Joint 684 The Joint Forces Command of the Department of Defense has labeled interrogation operations conducted for the purpose of collecting intelligence from foreign sources offensive interrogation, whereas resistance to interrogation is referred to as defensive interrogation. 265
Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State, hold true: “There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.” 266
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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Page 250 and 251: or even a seemingly random phone nu
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Page 254 and 255: educed the scope of coercive questi
Page 256 and 257: Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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Page 264 and 265: 1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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Page 269 and 270: Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
Page 271 and 272: field experience) the professional
Page 273 and 274: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
Page 275 and 276: Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
Page 277 and 278: language pool, as advised by the Ho
Page 279 and 280: words and deeds that individuals or
Page 281 and 282: using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
Page 283 and 284: subject-matter experts observe the
Page 285 and 286: systems approach recognizes interro
Page 287 and 288: to find a better operational exempl
Page 289 and 290: Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
Page 291 and 292: philosophy that advances the follow
Page 293 and 294: The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296: Example of Action: The interrogator
Page 297: this technology fall far short of t
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
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Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346: This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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