Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull et al. (2004). “The Effects of Training Professional Groups and Lay Persons to Use Criteria-Based Content Analysis to Detect Deception.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 18, 877-891. 2. Ben-Shakar, G., and Dolev, K. (1996). “Psychophysiological Detection through the Guilty Knowledge Technique: Effect of Mental Countermeasures.” Journal of Applied Psychology 81(3), 273-281. 3. Burgoon, J.K., Buller, D.B., Ebesu, A.S., and Rockwell, P. (1994). “Interpersonal Deception: V. Accuracy in Deception Detection.” Communication Monographs 61 (4), 303-325. 4. Chahal, K., and Cassiday, T. (1995). “Deception And Its Detection In Children: A Study Of Adult Accuracy.” Psychology, Crime and Law 1 (3), 237- 245. 5. Colwell, K., C. K. Hiscock et al. (2002). “Interviewing Techniques and the Assessment of Statement Credibility.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 16, 287-300. 6. DePaulo, B. M., and Pfeifer, R. L. (1986). “On-The-Job Experience and Skill at Detecting Deception.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 249- 267. 7. DePaulo, P.J., and DePaulo, B.M. (1989). “Can Deception by Salespersons and Customers Be Detected Through Nonverbal Behavioral Cues” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 19 (18, part 2), 1552-1577. 8. Ekman, P. (1996). “Why Don’t We Catch Liars” Social Research 63 (3), 801- 817. 9. Ekman, P., O’Sullivan, M. and Frank, M.G. (1999). “A Few Can Catch a Liar.” Psychological Science 10 (3), 83-86. 10. Ekman, P., and O’Sullivan, M. (1991). “Who Can Catch a Liar” American Psychologist 46 (9), 913-920. 11. Frank, M.G., Paolantonio, N., Feeley, T.H., and Servoss, T.J. (2004). “Individual and Small Group Accuracy in Judging Truthful and Deceptive Communication.” Group Decision and Negotiation 13 (1), 45-49. 12. Garrido, E., and Masip, J. (1999). “How Good Are Police Officers at Spotting Lies” Forensic Update 58, 14-21. 13. Granhag, P.A., and Stromwall, L.A. (2000). “Effects of Preconception on Deception Detection and New Answers to Why Lie-Catchers Often Fail.” Psychology, Crime and Law 6 (3), 197-218. 14. Kraut, R. E., and Poe, D. (1980). “Behavioral Roots of Person Perception: The Deception Judgments of Customs Inspectors and Laymen.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39, 784-798. 55
15. Levine, T. R., Park, H. S., and McCornack, S. A. (1999). “Accuracy in Detecting Truths and Lies: Documenting the ‘Veracity Effect’.” Communication Monographs 66 125-144. 16. MacLaren , V. V. (2001). “A Quantitative Review of the Guilty Knowledge Test.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (4), 674-683. 17. Mann, S., Vrij, A., and Bull, R. (2004). “Detecting True Lies: Police Officers’ Ability to Detect Suspects’ Lies.” Journal of Applied Psychology 89 (1), 137-149. 18. Porter, S., Woodworth, M., and Birt, A.R. (2000). “Truth, Lies, and Videotape: An Investigation of the Ability of Federal Parole Officers to Detect Deception.” Law and Human Behavior 24 (6), 643-658. 19. Vrij, A., Edward, K., Roberts, K.P., and Bull, R. (2000). “Detecting Deceit Via Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 24 (4), 239-263. 20. Vrij, A., Edward, K., and Bull, R. (2001). “Police Officers’ Ability to Detect Deceit: The Benefit of Indirect Deception Detection Measures.” Legal and Criminological Psychology 6 (2), 185-196. 21. Vrij, A., and Mann, S. (2001). “Who Killed My Relative Police Officers’ Ability to Detect Real-Life High-Stake Lies.” Psychology, Crime, and Law 7, 119-132. 22. Wang, G., Chen, H., and Atabakhsh, H. (2004). “Criminal Identity Deception and Deception Detection in Law Enforcement.” Group Decision and Negotiation 13 (2), 111-127. 23. Elaad, E. (1998). “The Challenge of the Concealed Knowledge Polygraph Test.” Expert Evidence 6, 161-187. 24. Engelhard, I.M., Merckelback, H. and van den Hout, M.A. (2003). “The Guilty Knowledge Test and the Modified Stroop Task in Detection of Deception: An exploratory study.” Psychological Reports 92 (2), 683-691. 25. Hirota, A, Sawada, Y., Tanaka, G, Nagano, Y., Matsuda, I., Takasawa, N. (2004). “A New Index for Psychophysiological Detection of Deception: Applicability of Normalized Pulse Volume.” Journal of Physiological Psychology and Psychophysiology 21 (3), 217-230. 26. Podlesny, J. A., and Raskin, D. (1977). “Physiological Measures and the Detection of Deception.” Psychological Bulletin 84, 782-799. 27. Amato-Henderson, S.L. (1997). “Effects of Misinformation As Revealed Through the Concealed Knowledge Test.” Dissertation Abstracts International: Sciences and Engineering. 57 (8-B), 5370. 56
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
Page 37 and 38: • Begun to map the relevance of n
Page 39 and 40: The effectiveness of standard inter
Page 41 and 42: complexity of our choices and the n
Page 43 and 44: contemporary experience of other co
Page 45 and 46: that it is widely believed to be th
Page 47 and 48: treatment would have some positive
Page 49 and 50: programs and strategies in the most
Page 51 and 52: information on our adversaries’ p
Page 53 and 54: communications, discourse analysis,
Page 55 and 56: 4,405 published entries. Not surpri
Page 57 and 58: Reciprocity There is a powerful —
Page 59 and 60: using coercive strategies also has
Page 61 and 62: directives. If anything the case ag
Page 63 and 64: VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
Page 65 and 66: Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
Page 67 and 68: • General cognitive slowing (Ding
Page 69 and 70: in non-Western cultures, so there i
Page 71 and 72: References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
Page 73 and 74: Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
Page 75 and 76: Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
Page 78 and 79: 3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
Page 80 and 81: methods are potentially valuable to
Page 82 and 83: negative statements or complaints,
Page 84 and 85: younger and more limited in life ex
Page 86 and 87: in obtaining information. The pract
Page 90 and 91: 28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
Page 92 and 93: 55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
Page 94: 82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
Page 97 and 98: methodological means for detecting
Page 99 and 100: The use of the polygraph for securi
Page 101 and 102: and potentially could interfere wit
Page 103 and 104: fixates when it pauses in a particu
Page 105 and 106: Potential Research has not yet esta
Page 107 and 108: the Korean War to release repressed
Page 109 and 110: consuming to emplace properly, and
Page 111 and 112: The differences in experimental des
Page 113 and 114: his government funding. Langleben h
Page 115 and 116: training duration, and inter-traini
Page 117 and 118: detection [emphasis in original]”
Page 119 and 120: References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
Page 121 and 122: Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
Page 123 and 124: Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
Page 125 and 126: Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
Page 128 and 129: 5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
Page 130 and 131: ests in the nature of two fundament
Page 132 and 133: not reach the depth required in an
Page 134 and 135: Qualities of an Effective Interroga
Page 136 and 137: thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
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negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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that the other party will refuse to
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face or, better yet, improve their
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creatively; they improve the likeli
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Commitments Commit to telling no or
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Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
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Introduction Any interaction betwee
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first told that A and B have constr
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352:
Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354:
McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356:
A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360:
Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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