Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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inconsistent with information from other sources, she should ask questions that critically examine them; 8. If the proponent extracts the information she wants from the respondent, then she has achieved her goal and the dialogue concludes in her favor; 9. If the proponent terminates the interrogation without getting the information she wants, and the respondent preserves his interests, the dialogue concludes in the respondent’s favor; 10. The two parties can use any arguments, even ones considered irrelevant or fallacious from the viewpoint of a critical discussion, to achieve their ends. Walton also points out that “appeals to fear and threats have long been known to be powerfully effective arguments,” 211 and that the “logically fallacious” character of such threats does not diminish their effectiveness in the interrogation dialogue. 212 Of course, if the suspect/respondent is totally unresponsive, Walton’s rules have little application, and one must turn to the Reid Technique or other techniques explored in this paper in order to obtain information from the suspect. Cognitive-Behavioral Model Mainly espoused by Gudjonsson, the cognitive-behavioral model views confessions as resulting from “the existence of a particular relationship between the suspect, the environment and significant others within that environment.” 213 It suggests that it is helpful to look at the “antecedents” and “consequences” of confessing behavior within the framework of behavioral analysis. 214 Antecedents are the kinds of events occurring prior to interrogation that may trigger or facilitate the confession. 215 Consequences refer to the effects of a confession or admission upon the subject. There are two major types: short term and long term. 216 Shortterm consequences occur within minutes or hours of the suspect’s confession, while long-term consequences manifest themselves within days, weeks, months, or years of the confession. 217 The types of consequences depend on the nature and circumstances of the case and the psychological characteristics of the individual concerned. 218 As explained below, antecedents and consequences are construed in terms of social, emotional, cognitive, situational and physiological events. 219 Though these are discussed in greater detail below, the following Table provides a 211 Id., p. 1788. 212 Id. 213 Gudjonsson, see note 110, p. 124. 214 Id. 215 Id., p. 125. 216 Id. 217 Id. 218 Id. 219 Id. 155
useful yet non-exhaustive illustration of the typical antecedents and consequences associated with confessions. Antecedents Social Isolation; police pressure Emotional Distress Cognitive “The police know I did it.” “The truth will come out in the end.” “Perhaps I did do it but I can’t remember it.” Situational: Nature of the arrest: Confinement Solicitor present Caution understood Familiarity with police procedures Physiological Aroused physical state, inhibitions reduced by alcohol or drugs; drug withdrawal Consequences Short-Term Police approval/praise Feelings of relief “It’s good to get it off my chest.” “My solicitor will sort it out.” “How could I have done such a dreadful thing” Charged, allowed access to a solicitor Arousal reduction Long-Term Disapproval Feelings of guilt, shame “What is going to happen to me now” “This is very serious.”’ “I’m now certain I had nothing to do with it.” Judicial proceedings Arousal returns to base level The antecedents and consequences of confessions. 220 Source: The authors. 220 Id. 156
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
Page 138 and 139: While the Joint Interrogation Facil
Page 140 and 141: generally sound tactics from the be
Page 142 and 143: source pool. The disciplined interr
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Page 146 and 147: The fundamental objective of an int
Page 148 and 149: generated inside the interrogatee.
Page 150 and 151: may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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Page 154 and 155: to reliably filter out those indivi
Page 156 and 157: expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
Page 158 and 159: Second, there is the tactical error
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Page 162 and 163: Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
Page 164 and 165: The concept of regression appears t
Page 166 and 167: In general, direct physical brutali
Page 168 and 169: een accomplished would the interrog
Page 170 and 171: himself, and then projects the cont
Page 172 and 173: The U.S. interrogation effort must
Page 174 and 175: 6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
Page 176 and 177: While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
Page 178 and 179: Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
Page 180 and 181: and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
Page 182 and 183: • Many criminal investigations ca
Page 184 and 185: are not based on what is objectivel
Page 186 and 187: almost nonexistent and interrogator
Page 190 and 191: Social Events The first type of soc
Page 192 and 193: and make them more responsive to in
Page 194 and 195: others within that environment.”
Page 196 and 197: that it is necessary to ask the que
Page 198 and 199: Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
Page 200 and 201: observe and document the interrogat
Page 202 and 203: 2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
Page 204 and 205: legal advice. 349 Though not direct
Page 206 and 207: while unsuccessful interrogations w
Page 208 and 209: discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
Page 210 and 211: learned to observe and interpret hu
Page 212 and 213: suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
Page 214 and 215: 3. Establish confidence and friendl
Page 216 and 217: At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
Page 218 and 219: The Reid Technique text then review
Page 220 and 221: the suspect “man-to-man” rather
Page 222 and 223: Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
Page 224 and 225: Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
Page 226 and 227: • The Singleness of Purpose • T
Page 228 and 229: Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
Page 230 and 231: suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
Page 232 and 233: in mind the possibility that the pe
Page 234 and 235: in the police may be undermined, wh
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
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negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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that the other party will refuse to
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face or, better yet, improve their
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creatively; they improve the likeli
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Commitments Commit to telling no or
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Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
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Introduction Any interaction betwee
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first told that A and B have constr
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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