Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Happel, M. D. (2005). “Neuroscience and the Detection of Deception.” Review of Policy Research 22 (5), 667–685. Hollien, H, Geison, L, and Hicks, J. W. Jr. (1987). “Voice Stress Evaluators and Lie Detection.” Journal of Forensic Science 32 (2), March, 405–418. Horvath, F. (1982). “Detecting Deception: The Promise and the Reality of Voice Stress Analysis.” Journal of Forensic Science 27 (2), April, 340–351. Hoshi, Y. and Tamura, M. (1993). “Detection of Dynamic Changes in Cerebral Oxygenation Coupled to Neuronal Function during Mental Work in Man.” Neuroscience Letters 150, 5–8. Huettel, S. A., Song, A.W., and McCarthy, G. (2004). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Hutson, Stu. (2005). “Gut Reactions May Rumble a Liar.” NewScientist.com Breaking News, October 31. Available at http://www.newscientist.com/article.nsid=dn8238 as of 8 November, 2005. Iacono, W. G. (2000). “The Detection of Deception.” In Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., and Berntson G. G. (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (2d ed.) (772–793). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge <strong>University</strong> Press. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate and Universal Facial Expressions: Evidence from Developmental Cross-Cultural Research.” Psychological Bulletin 115, 288–299. Izzetoglu, Kurtulus, Yurtsever, Gunay, Bozkurt, Alper, Yazici, Birsen, Bunce, Scott, Pourrezaei, Kambiz, and Oraral, Banu. (2002). NIR spectroscopy measurements of cognitive load elicited by GKT and target categorization. Proceedings of the 36 th Hawaii International Conference of System Sciences (HICSS’03), Hawaii. Kandel, E. (2000). “The Brain and Behavior.” In Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., and Jessell, T. M. (Eds.), Principles of Neural Science (4 th ed.) (5-18). New York: McGraw-Hill. Kato, T, Kamie, A, Takashima, S, and Ozaki, T. (1993). “Human Visual Cortical Function during Photic Stimulation Monitoring by Means of Near- Infrared Spectroscopy.” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism 13, 516–520. Keller, Linda M.. (2005). “Is Truth Serum Torture” American <strong>University</strong> International Law Review 20 (3), 521–612. Kozel, F. A., Padgett, T. M., and George, M. S. (2004a). “A Replication Study of the Neural Correlates of Deception.” Behavioral Neuroscience 118, 852–856. 89
Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorberbaum, J. P., Shastri, A., Elhai, J. D., Horner, M. D., Smith, A., Nohas, Z., Bohning, D. E., and George, M. S. (2004b). “A Pilot Study of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Brain Correlates of Deception in Healthy Young Men.” Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 16 (3), 295–305. Krapohl, D. J. (2002). “The Polygraph in Personnel Screening.” In Kleiner, M. (ed), Handbook of Polygraph Testing (217–236). San Diego: Academic Press. Langleben, D. D., Schroeder, L., Maldjian, J. A., Gur, R. C., McDonald, S., Ragland, J. D., O’Brien, C. P., and Childress, A. R. (2002). “Brain Activity during Simulated Deception: An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Study.” Neuroimage 15, 727–732. Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H. I., Tan, L. H., Chan, C. C. H., Mahankali, S., Feng, C. M., Hou, J., Fox, P. T., and Gao, J. H. (2002). “Lie Detection by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” Human Brain Mapping 15, 157–164. Liang, J, Cheung, J. Y., and Chen, J. D. (1997). “Detection and Deletion of Motion Artifacts in Electrogastrogram Using Feature Analysis and Neural Networks.” Annals of Biomedical Engineering 25 (5), September- October, 850–857. Littlewort, Gwen, Bartlett, Marian Stewart, Fasel, Ian, Susskind, Joshua, and Morvellan, Javier. (2004). “Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video.” Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW’04) 5, 80–88. Lo, Y. L., Fook-Chong, S., and Tan, E. K. (2003). “Increased Cortical Excitability in Human Deception.” NeuroReport 14 (7), May, 1021–1024. Loughead, J., Busch, S., Nick, P., Childress, A. R., Gur, R., and Langleben, D. (2004). “Brain Activity During Deception: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study.” 10 th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Budapest, Hungary, 13-17 June. MacLaren, V. V. (2001). “A Quantitative Review of the Guilty Knowledge Test.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86 (4), August, 674–683. Matsuo, T. and Fukuda, K. (1996). “A Development of Automatic Analyzing System of Eyeblinks Recorded in the Video Image.” Japanese Journal of Physiology, Psychology, and Psychophysiology 14, 17–21. (In Japanese with English abstract) Murthy, Ramya, Pavlidis, Ioannis, and Tsiamyrtzis, Panagiotis. (2004, September 1–5). “Touchless Monitoring of Breathing Function.” Proceedings of the 26 th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, San Francisco, CA. 90
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
Page 71 and 72: References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
Page 73 and 74: Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
Page 75 and 76: Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
Page 78 and 79: 3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
Page 80 and 81: methods are potentially valuable to
Page 82 and 83: negative statements or complaints,
Page 84 and 85: younger and more limited in life ex
Page 86 and 87: in obtaining information. The pract
Page 88 and 89: References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
Page 90 and 91: 28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
Page 92 and 93: 55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
Page 94: 82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
Page 97 and 98: methodological means for detecting
Page 99 and 100: The use of the polygraph for securi
Page 101 and 102: and potentially could interfere wit
Page 103 and 104: fixates when it pauses in a particu
Page 105 and 106: Potential Research has not yet esta
Page 107 and 108: the Korean War to release repressed
Page 109 and 110: consuming to emplace properly, and
Page 111 and 112: The differences in experimental des
Page 113 and 114: his government funding. Langleben h
Page 115 and 116: training duration, and inter-traini
Page 117 and 118: detection [emphasis in original]”
Page 119 and 120: References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
Page 121: Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
Page 125 and 126: Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
Page 128 and 129: 5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
Page 130 and 131: ests in the nature of two fundament
Page 132 and 133: not reach the depth required in an
Page 134 and 135: Qualities of an Effective Interroga
Page 136 and 137: thoughtful, systematic approach. In
Page 138 and 139: While the Joint Interrogation Facil
Page 140 and 141: generally sound tactics from the be
Page 142 and 143: source pool. The disciplined interr
Page 144 and 145: undermining the objectivity and acc
Page 146 and 147: The fundamental objective of an int
Page 148 and 149: generated inside the interrogatee.
Page 150 and 151: may be driven by intra- and/or inte
Page 152 and 153: as the sights and sounds of an outs
Page 154 and 155: to reliably filter out those indivi
Page 156 and 157: expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
Page 158 and 159: Second, there is the tactical error
Page 160 and 161: that it is typical of the other ser
Page 162 and 163: Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
Page 164 and 165: The concept of regression appears t
Page 166 and 167: In general, direct physical brutali
Page 168 and 169: een accomplished would the interrog
Page 170 and 171: himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
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The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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claimed that a piece of land in the
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negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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that the other party will refuse to
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face or, better yet, improve their
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creatively; they improve the likeli
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Commitments Commit to telling no or
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Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320:
Introduction Any interaction betwee
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first told that A and B have constr
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house, namely, that they want to se
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information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350:
Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352:
Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354:
McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356:
A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357 and 358:
Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360:
Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362:
Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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