Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Appendix Contrasting Approaches to Negotiation: Adversarial vs. Interest-based ELEMENT ADVERSARIAL INTEREST-BASED Alternatives Threaten to inflict pain “Talk, or else!” Improve your Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) Weaken their BATNA “You have a choice. I’d like to talk openly about things with you. And I’ve got a colleague just outside this door waiting to go a different route. I don’t want that. It’s your choice.” Interests Debate over positions “I will not tell you anything.” “Yes, you will!” Look beneath positions to interests “What’s holding you back from giving us information” Options Legitimacy Bargain over two options: whether or not the source will tell you information Battle of wills “Tell us what you know.” “No.” “We demand you tell us.” “NO!” (Continued on next page) Invent multiple options without evaluating them Persuade on the basis of external standards of legitimacy The basic message: “There are legitimate reasons why you can reveal information to us…” 281
Commitments Commit to telling no or minimal information Consider the “4 Ps” : What is our purpose for negotiating, what is an efficient process, who are the relevant people to include, and what is our desired product To what can we realistically and practically commit Commitments Talk at one another “We will tell you what to tell us. And you had better tell us!” Talk with one another What questions can we ask to learn more How can we ask open questions rather than presumptive, closedended questions Relationship Treat one another as adversaries From educer’s perspective: Interrogator vs. accused From source’s perspective: harasser vs. victim Treat one another as joint problem solvers “We have a shared problem. Let’s think through how to deal with this. The more we are able to work together, the sooner both of us can go home.” 282
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
Page 264 and 265: 1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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Page 269 and 270: Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
Page 271 and 272: field experience) the professional
Page 273 and 274: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
Page 275 and 276: Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
Page 277 and 278: language pool, as advised by the Ho
Page 279 and 280: words and deeds that individuals or
Page 281 and 282: using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
Page 283 and 284: subject-matter experts observe the
Page 285 and 286: systems approach recognizes interro
Page 287 and 288: to find a better operational exempl
Page 289 and 290: Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
Page 291 and 292: philosophy that advances the follow
Page 293 and 294: The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296: Example of Action: The interrogator
Page 297 and 298: this technology fall far short of t
Page 299 and 300: Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
Page 305 and 306: claimed that a piece of land in the
Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328: their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346: This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350: Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352: Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353 and 354: McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 355 and 356: A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
Page 357 and 358: Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360: Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362: Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364: C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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