Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Heritage Speakers*/Civilian-Acquired Skills Advantages: • Available on short notice for local languages and dialects • Shorter training pipeline • Experience in language from birth • Knowledge of culture Disadvantages: • Varying literacy levels in English and/or target language • Lack of quality translates into intelligence gaps • May not qualify for clearances • Not enough volunteers of military age/fitness literate in target language * Porter uses the term “heritage-speaker” to describe individuals whose foreign language skills were attained through having been born and raised abroad and/or growing up in a family where a language other than English was spoken. Translation Using Computer Technology Advantages: • Powerful tool for educated and experienced linguists • Powerful tool for experienced educators • Powerful potential for sustaining linguists in the field Disadvantages: • Machine translation is inaccurate • Programming is time consuming and costly • Programming fails with low-literacy languages (e.g., Pashtu or Baluchi) • Easily fooled by code terminology • Cannot teach, must be used by experienced educator - Reliant on programming by experienced linguists - Cannot replace humans Porter also notes that the U.S. has never had sufficient foreign language capabilities to meet wartime requirements. He recommends creating a joint 243
language pool, as advised by the House Permanent Select Committee on <strong>Intelligence</strong>. 642 Culture + Language = Tools for Building Operational Accord One of an interrogator’s primary objectives is to establish a level of operational accord with a source. Operational accord can be defined as a relationship orchestrated by an interrogator with a source that is marked by a degree of conformity and/or affinity and is based on a sense of understanding of, and perhaps even guarded appreciation for, respective concerns, intentions, and desired outcomes. 643 While often difficult to identify within the complex and (at least initially) adversarial relationship between an interrogator and a source, success in gaining meaningful information of potential intelligence value is the product of an accord: the interrogator asks questions and the source provides constructive answers. Operational accord reflects a calculated effort to gain and maintain the source’s cooperation long enough to satisfy existing intelligence requirements while effectively concealing acts on the part of the interrogator that might appear to the source as manipulative or exploitive. 644 Establishing an accord of this nature can be extraordinarily difficult, with the process made even more problematic by the linguistic/cultural barrier. The interrogator who seeks to create an operational accord but who harbors cultural myopia faces a difficult path. Conversely, an interrogator whose efforts are supplemented by what has recently been termed “cultural intelligence” will conscientiously seek to build a bridge that systematically incorporates knowledge of the source’s culture. Perhaps the interrogator’s version of the Golden Rule might best be expressed as “Do unto others as they would have you do unto them.” In many respects, the Global War on Terror contains seeds of Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations.” 645 Fortunately, the legacy of 20 th -century conflict provides some powerful illustrations of U.S. forces demonstrating a positive, proactive approach to turning former enemies into allies. During World War II, the United 642 Porter, Asymmetrical Warfare, Transformation, and Foreign Language Capability, 15. 643 Jerry Richardson, The Magic of Rapport (Capitola, CA: Meta Publications, 1987), 13. 644 The term “rapport” has been commonly used to describe an approach that employs cultural, linguistic, and interpersonal skills to establish a non-adversarial, productive relationship between interrogator and source. The term “operational accord” also incorporates such an approach while also encompassing a broader array of productive, intelligence-generating relationships. Further, “rapport,” in the context of interrogation, has been so widely misused and misunderstood in recent years that its value as a relevant descriptive term is questionable. 645 See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996). Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” theory in international relations posits that the primary sources of conflict today are fundamental differences in culture, exacerbated by the processes of globalization that bring major civilizations into unprecedented contact. Huntington divides the world’s cultures into seven civilizations: Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, and Slavic-Orthodox. 244
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
Page 226 and 227: • The Singleness of Purpose • T
Page 228 and 229: Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
Page 230 and 231: suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
Page 232 and 233: in mind the possibility that the pe
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Page 236 and 237: to the confession factors. Moreover
Page 238 and 239: 1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
Page 240 and 241: should also be attentive to signs o
Page 242 and 243: studies have tested the specific FB
Page 244 and 245: Once the agents have completed thei
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Page 250 and 251: or even a seemingly random phone nu
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Page 254 and 255: educed the scope of coercive questi
Page 256 and 257: Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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Page 260 and 261: variation for different types of su
Page 262 and 263: suspicious of an overly friendly in
Page 264 and 265: 1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
Page 266: to discuss and exchange techniques,
Page 269 and 270: Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
Page 271 and 272: field experience) the professional
Page 273 and 274: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
Page 275: Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
Page 279 and 280: words and deeds that individuals or
Page 281 and 282: using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
Page 283 and 284: subject-matter experts observe the
Page 285 and 286: systems approach recognizes interro
Page 287 and 288: to find a better operational exempl
Page 289 and 290: Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
Page 291 and 292: philosophy that advances the follow
Page 293 and 294: The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
Page 295 and 296: Example of Action: The interrogator
Page 297 and 298: this technology fall far short of t
Page 299 and 300: Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
Page 301 and 302: This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
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Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
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their beliefs about the “illegali
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How and when an interrogator would
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tactic might work if the source wil
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Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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from the past, could be coded and a
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After drilling a small hole in the
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accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
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Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
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Conclusion Experience and lessons l
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This essay presents lessons that th
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Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
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Russian and Chinese methods and the
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Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
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McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
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A psychiatrist chronicles the decli
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Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
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Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
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Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
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C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
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Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
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L Language (see also Foreign langua
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Positions (see also Perceptual posi
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Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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