Educing Information: Interrogation - National Intelligence University

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Ruscio, J. (2005). “Exploring Controversies in the Art and Science of Polygraph Testing.” Skeptical Inquirer 29 (1), 34–39. The polygraph test is used to investigate specific incidents and for screening. The Control Question Test (CQT) and the Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT), two distinct types of polygraph, are reviewed. The author examines the validity and utility of the CQT and the GKT in different scenarios. Schein, E. H. (1961). Coercive Persuasion: A Socio-Psychological Analysis of the “Brainwashing” of American Civilian Prisoners by the Chinese Communists. New York: W. W. Norton. Between 1950 and 1953, the Chinese Communists imprisoned U.S. civilians who were later repatriated with altered attitudes, values, and beliefs brought about through thought reform. The Chinese program emphasized confessions for rehabilitation and reform and relied on coercive persuasion. In this book, the behavior changes of a sample of these U.S. prisoners are examined from a socio-psychological viewpoint. The historical and political context of the Chinese thought reform program and the relevant psychological, physiological, psychiatric, and sociological theories at work are outlined. Straus, U. (2003). “The Interrogations.” In The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 116-149. Japan indoctrinated soldiers with the belief that death was better than the dishonor of becoming a POW. With the shame of capture, Japanese POWs were without a country and held no hopes of returning to Japan. Cultural norms regulate the giving and receiving of favors in Japanese society. Americans did not simply spare the lives of the Japanese POWs, they also gave the prisoners cigarettes, food, and medical treatment. The POWs, in return, gave answers to seemingly innocuous questions. Humane treatment combined with knowledge of Japanese culture and language was effective in getting POWs to talk. In addition to describing the psychology of the Japanese POW of WWII, this chapter documents the use of Nisei (second-generation U.S. Japanese) linguists and reviews both tactical battlefield interrogations and interrogations at Camp Tracy, a secret facility focused on technical and strategic information gathering. Weinstein, H. (1988). “Supply and Demand.” In Father, Son and CIA. Halifax: Formac Publishing Co. http://www.serendipity.li/cia/c99.html. Accessed 5/8/2006. 321
A psychiatrist chronicles the decline of his father, who was subjected to mind control experiments funded by the CIA. This chapter provides the history of mind control in the United States and surveys the major research programs and scientists involved. Winter, A. (2005). “The Making of ‘Truth Serum’.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 79, 500-533. This essay gives a history of “truth serums” such as scopolamine, focusing on the social and cultural forces that led to their acceptance in the 1920s and 1930s. Mesmerism and hypnotism set the stage for belief in a confessional state. Psychology, as an emerging discipline, was vulnerable to unproven ideas, including the reliability and permanence of memory. The general public, concerned about crime and corruption and swayed by the power of scientific discovery, was eager to embrace “truth serums” as scientifically sound. Wolff, H. G. (1960). “Every Man Has His Breaking Point.” Military Medicine 85-104. This report debates whether every man has a breaking point and examines U.S. government policies on POW behavior. It reports on the frequency of collaboration and resistance in the WWI, WWII, and the Korean War. It discusses why prisoners talk and compares combat-related breaking points to psychological POW breaking points. In addition, it highlights the role of character and commitment to resistance behavior. Interrogation as Dialogue Walton, D. (2003). “The Interrogation as a Type of Dialogue.” Journal of Pragmatics 35, 1771-1802. http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~walton/ papers%20in%20pdf/03interrogationdialogue.pdf. Accessed 5/8/2006. This analysis examines the methods and techniques of argumentation that are used in interrogation. Interrogation is classified as a hybrid type of dialogue employing both deliberation and information-seeking. Characterized by both deception and coercion, it is asymmetric in nature as one party has power and the other is passive. A normative model of interrogation is presented. 322
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Educing Information Interrogation:
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Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg Senior Scie
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The National Defense Intelligence C
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8. Negotiation Theory and Practice:
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Foreword Robert A. Destro* Educing
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that the interrogation of adverse p
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for interrogation. What kinds of
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Commentaries Educing Information: T
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to public execution. This saved the
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of principles and rules to guide th
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Educing Information: Interrogation
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move, but defecate and urinate on t
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in Korea and Vietnam. Important les
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(SLATT) Program. Dr. Borum is a Boa
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Rowe is married to the Study Direct
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than “interrogate,” which incre
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• Begun to map the relevance of n
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The effectiveness of standard inter
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complexity of our choices and the n
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contemporary experience of other co
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that it is widely believed to be th
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treatment would have some positive
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programs and strategies in the most
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information on our adversaries’ p
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communications, discourse analysis,
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4,405 published entries. Not surpri
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Reciprocity There is a powerful —
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using coercive strategies also has
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directives. If anything the case ag
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VI. Consume Resistance A longstandi
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Ketcham, 1994; Roediger and McDermo
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• General cognitive slowing (Ding
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in non-Western cultures, so there i
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References Bartlett, F.C. (1932). R
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Knowles, E. S., Butler, S., and Lin
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Schacter, D. (ed.) (1995). Memory D
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3 Research on Detection of Deceptio
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methods are potentially valuable to
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negative statements or complaints,
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younger and more limited in life ex
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in obtaining information. The pract
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References 1. Akehurst, L., R. Bull
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28. Raskin, D. C., Kircher, J. C.,
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55. Dulaney, E. F. (1982). “Chang
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82. Izard, C. E. (1994). “Innate
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methodological means for detecting
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The use of the polygraph for securi
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and potentially could interfere wit
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fixates when it pauses in a particu
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Potential Research has not yet esta
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the Korean War to release repressed
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consuming to emplace properly, and
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The differences in experimental des
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his government funding. Langleben h
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training duration, and inter-traini
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detection [emphasis in original]”
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References Abe, Nobuhito, Suzuki, M
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Elaad, E., and Ben-Shakhar, G. (199
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Kozel, F. A., Revell, L. J., Lorber
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Raskin, D. C., and Honts, C. R. (20
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5 KUBARK Counterintelligence Interr
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ests in the nature of two fundament
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not reach the depth required in an
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Qualities of an Effective Interroga
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thoughtful, systematic approach. In
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While the Joint Interrogation Facil
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generally sound tactics from the be
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source pool. The disciplined interr
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undermining the objectivity and acc
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The fundamental objective of an int
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generated inside the interrogatee.
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may be driven by intra- and/or inte
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as the sights and sounds of an outs
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to reliably filter out those indivi
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expressions), vocal cues (e.g., cha
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Second, there is the tactical error
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that it is typical of the other ser
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Alice in Wonderland: The Power of A
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The concept of regression appears t
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In general, direct physical brutali
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een accomplished would the interrog
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himself, and then projects the cont
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The U.S. interrogation effort must
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6 Custodial Interrogations: What We
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While few U.S. jurisdictions requir
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Factors Inhibiting Confession Gisli
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and the suspect’s anxiety to obta
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• Many criminal investigations ca
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are not based on what is objectivel
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almost nonexistent and interrogator
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inconsistent with information from
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Social Events The first type of soc
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and make them more responsive to in
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others within that environment.”
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that it is necessary to ask the que
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Study Country Type ofData Sample Co
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observe and document the interrogat
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2. Gender: Gudjonsson notes that ap
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legal advice. 349 Though not direct
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while unsuccessful interrogations w
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discuss them. 391 Moreover, one can
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learned to observe and interpret hu
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suspect. 426 In addition, the autho
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3. Establish confidence and friendl
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At the closing, Dillon suggests aga
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The Reid Technique text then review
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the suspect “man-to-man” rather
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Step 5 - Procurement and Retention
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Make Submission Tolerable The suspe
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• The Singleness of Purpose • T
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Good Cop/Bad Cop One interrogation
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suggested by Inbau et al., Royal an
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in mind the possibility that the pe
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in the police may be undermined, wh
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to the confession factors. Moreover
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1. Preparation: Agents are urged to
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should also be attentive to signs o
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studies have tested the specific FB
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Once the agents have completed thei
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that indicate deception, and to not
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implemented to ensure that any stat
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or even a seemingly random phone nu
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to know oneself and one’s limits
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educed the scope of coercive questi
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Finally, Sturgeon mentioned that al
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confess at lower rates than those n
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variation for different types of su
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suspicious of an overly friendly in
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1. Whether the Reid Technique and i
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to discuss and exchange techniques,
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Linguistic/Cultural Barriers Words
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field experience) the professional
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Operation ENDURING FREEDOM Language
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Contractors - Prior-Service Militar
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language pool, as advised by the Ho
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words and deeds that individuals or
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using SIM cards, 651 instant messag
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subject-matter experts observe the
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systems approach recognizes interro
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to find a better operational exempl
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Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity
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philosophy that advances the follow
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The OODA Loop. Source: Defense and
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Example of Action: The interrogator
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this technology fall far short of t
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Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of St
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This report, then, represents an ef
Page 303 and 304: The Pareto Curve. Source: Roger Fis
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Page 307 and 308: negotiation. Standards of legitimac
Page 309 and 310: that the other party will refuse to
Page 311 and 312: face or, better yet, improve their
Page 313 and 314: creatively; they improve the likeli
Page 315 and 316: Commitments Commit to telling no or
Page 317 and 318: Neale, M.A., Huber, V.L., and North
Page 319 and 320: Introduction Any interaction betwee
Page 321 and 322: first told that A and B have constr
Page 323 and 324: house, namely, that they want to se
Page 325 and 326: information, rather than to harm th
Page 327 and 328: their beliefs about the “illegali
Page 329 and 330: How and when an interrogator would
Page 331 and 332: tactic might work if the source wil
Page 333 and 334: Preparing with Respect to U.S. Inte
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Page 337 and 338: After drilling a small hole in the
Page 339 and 340: accuracy and/or usefulness of educe
Page 341 and 342: Venue 3: Experiments with SERE Stud
Page 343 and 344: Conclusion Experience and lessons l
Page 345 and 346: This essay presents lessons that th
Page 347 and 348: Bond, M. (2004). “The Prisoner.
Page 349 and 350: Russian and Chinese methods and the
Page 351 and 352: Goldberger, L. (1993). “Sensory D
Page 353: McCoy, A. W. (2005). “Cruel Scien
Page 357 and 358: Hinkle Jr, L. E. (1963). Notes on t
Page 359 and 360: Leo, R. A. (1992). “From Coercion
Page 361 and 362: Krauthammer, C. (2005, 5 December).
Page 363 and 364: C Camp 020 (MI-5), 318, 249, 254 Ca
Page 365 and 366: Fear, 11, 24, 25, 29, 33, 36, 68, 6
Page 367 and 368: L Language (see also Foreign langua
Page 369 and 370: Positions (see also Perceptual posi
Page 371 and 372: Strategy, 12, 20, 21, 26-29, 32, 10
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