The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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92 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE port, until they saw the situation in a more favorable light. Policy as well as vanity combined to make the satrap break off the conference. Antisthenes and the xymbouloi had been ordered to move the center of warfare north to the Hellespont, and it may be that Licbas' cavalier tone with Tissaphernes was influenced by the expectation that he soon would be supported by Pharnabazus, the satrap of Hellespontine Asia. An opportunity soon arose, however, that kept the Spartan fleet in southern waters. A group of powerful men from Rhodes approached the Spartans at Cnidus, urging them to sail to the island to bring it over to the Peloponnesian side. The offer was tempting, for the island was large by Greek standards, with a considerable body of men available for military and naval duty and a prosperous economy to lend financial support. Deserted by the Persian sa trap of Ionia, the Spartans saw the acquisition of Rhodes as part of an opportunity by which they might be able to support their fleet "from their existing alliance, without asking Tissaphernes for money. " 96 With a fleet of ninety -four ships, they sailed to Camirus on the western shore of the island (see Map 3). The three cities of Rhodes were not unified into a single state, and they were democracies. The people of Camirus were taken entirely by surprise, knowing nothing of the coup arranged by the oligarchical conspirators, and fled in fear of this mighty armada. 97 Called together in an assembly of all of the Rhodians, they, along with the people of Lindus and lalysus, had no choice but to revolt from Athens and go over to the Peloponnesians about mid-January of 411. 98 The Athenians received reports of the Spartan intentions beforehand, but by the time they got to Rhodes from Samos, they were too late. This, too, was part of the price they paid for failing to take Miletus; without a closer base than Samos, they could not protect southern lonia, Caria, or the islands of the southern Aegean. Another price was soon revealed, one that sharply contradicts Phrynichus' assertion that if the Athenians refused battle at Miletus they would be able "to fight at a later time ... having prepared adequately and at leisure." Although the Athenian fleet, numbering only about seventy-five to the Spartans' ninety-four, stood boldly out in the open sea off Rhodes, the Spartans refused battle. Andrewes has shrewdly noticed the defect of Phrynichus' strategy: "When the Peloponnesians felt themselves inferior but 968·44· I. 97 0n the situation at Rhodes, see HCT V, 91-92. 98 8.44.1-2. For the date, see Busolt, GG III:z, 1450.
SPARTA'S RIPOSTE 93 had a secure base, they could decline battle with safety, while sending off detachments by land or even by sea to stimulate fresh revolts from Athens; and the Athenians could not keep up with this. " 99 The Athenians could do nothing for the moment but sail back to Samos, contenting themselves afterwards with making raids from Samos and the closer islands of Cos and Chalce. ·~ The behavior of the Spartans at this point is interesting. New leaders had just arrived from a Sparta that was impatient with previous diplomacy, strategy, and leadership. They had vigorously denounced standing agreements and rejected Persian aid under them. Then they moved swiftly and successfully to win an important ally from Athens. They were free now to carry out their instructions to move the main theater of the war to the north, to abandon the unsatisfactory Tissaphernes, and to cooperate with his rival in the Hellespont. All that stood in their way was an Athenian fleet that was inferior numerically but offered battle nonetheless. This, if ever, was the time to fight, for time was less on the Peloponnesian side now that there would be no more money from the Persians. Yet the Peloponnesian ships stayed in port and refused the chance to fight. Nor was this only a temporary delay. The Spartans pulled their ships onto the Rhodian shore in mid January and did not put them into the water again until well into the following spring.'"' Why didn't the Spartans fight? The explanations sometimes offered for Astyochus' earlier inactivity at Miletus are even less useful here, for there is no hint that the wealthy Lichas and his colleagues had been corrupted by Persian gold, while Tissaphernes' abrupt and angry departure meant that they could no longer be expecting the imminent arrival of the Phoenician fleet. The likeliest explanation is that in the weeks since their arrival, Antisthenes, Lichas, and his colleagues must have learned what Astyochus already knewthat the Peloponnesian fleet was no match for the Athenians in a fair fight at sea unless its numerical superiority was overwhelming. That opinion must have been widespread among the captains of the Peloponnesian ships and must have been supported by their performance in the raids launched by the Athenians. These things must have persuaded the new leaders to remain inactive at sea even as the enemy WHCTV, 66. 100 8·44·3· 10 '8·44·4· Thucydides says that the fleet stayed out of action for eighty days. If this figure is correct, it may present problems for Thucydidean chronology. For an excellent discussion, see HCT V, 92-93, 147-149·
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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ATTICA Corinth. CORINTH • Phlius
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 229 prese
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 231 embar
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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenia
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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