The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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42 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE mention that his own position of honor and influence would likewise gain from such an achievement. That would be motive enough for Alcibiades to press his case, but an even stronger motive seems to have impelled him. Thucydides explains his actions with this observation: "for he happened himself to be at odds with Agis. " 60 That simple and chaste remark almost certainly refers to a great scandal at Sparta that became notorious in antiquity. In a quarrel over the succession to the Spartan throne early in the fourth century, Agesilaus accused his rival of being illegitimate, offering as evidence a reference to an occasion when an earthquake drove an unnamed adulterer from the chamber of Timaea, Agis' wife, into public view. Plutarch provides the name of the adulterer: Alcibiades. 61 It is reasonable to identify this earthquake with the one mentioned by Thucydides in late February of 412. By July the news would certainly have reached Agis and caused his displeasure with Alcibiades. It was only a matter of time now before Agis would move against him. Alcibiades' best hopes lay in bringing off so great an achievement as to make him invulnerable even to the hostility of the Spartan king. Failing that, his only salvation lay in escape to the last possible refuge, the Persian Empire. The expedition to Ionia offered both possibilities. From the Spartan point of view, Alcibiades' proposal was doubly attractive. With little risk or expense to Sparta, Alcibiades might achieve what he promised. If not, the Spartans would be rid of an increasingly troublesome visitor. 62 is contest, from which comes the secondary sense of a prize for winning a contest, and by extension it comes to mean an achievement or exploit. If Alcibiades used these words, they reveal either his own aristocratic, self-centered attitude toward the goals of war; his belief that they would appeal to such an attitude in the Spartan Endius; or both. If the words were invented by Thucydides, they may reveal his understanding of Alcibiades' character. 60 8.!2.2. 61 Xen. 3·3·1-2; Plut. Ale. 23.7; Ages. 3.1-2. One ofPlutarch's sources was Duris of Samos, a writer of the late fourth and early third century, who claimed descent from Alcibiades. Another may have been Theopompus of Chios, who was born about 378 B.C. (Andrewes, HCT V, 26.) Both the bastardy of Leotychidas, Timaea's son, and the paternity of Alcibiades have been challenged by M. Luria (Klio XXI [1927], 404- 419). His arguments are answered by J. Hatzfeld (REA XXV [1933], 387-395; and Alcibiade, 217-2 19). Andrewes (HCT V, 26) points out the chronological difficulties in believing Leotychidas to be the son of Alcibiades, concluding that "none of this is quite impossible, but cumulatively it is not very probable." That is a reasonable conclusion, but even if the fact of Alcibiades' paternity is denied, we need not doubt the adultery or the reality of the rumors that existed and were widely believed in Sparta. They would be enough to account for Thucydides' description of Alcibiades as Agis' "personal enemy," EXIlpoo; (8.4p). 62 Hatzfeld, Alcibiade, 220.
THE WAR IN THE AEGEAN 4 3 The little fleet under Chalcideus needed speed, luck, and secrecy to reach its destination safely, undetected by the Athenians. Its leaders achieved secrecy by seizing everyone they encountered on the crossing, not releasing their prisoners until they reached the harbor of Corycus on the mainland, some forty miles from the capital city of Chios. 63 There they met with some of their Chian confederates and took their advice to sail to Chi os immediately and to arrive suddenly, without advance notice. 64 Their arrival, as the oligarchs had arranged, took place just at the moment when a council was assembling. It generally has been believed that in 4 I 2 the Chian constitution was oligarchic and that the body convened was the oligarchical council. 65 But as early as the sixth century, Chi os had a popular council (boule demosie) as well as an aristocratic one, and its failure to be mentioned by name in the one relevant fifth-century decree we have from Chios does not argue against its continuation as late as 41 2. 66 By that time, it may well have included members from all classes, noble as well as common, and may have been the only important council in the state. Such a situation would readily justify Thucydides' praise of the prudence and security with which the Chians governed their city, particularly when we remember his praise of the Athenian government of the Five Thousand as "a moderate blending of the few and the many." 67 Most probably, the Chian constitution in 412 was mixed, or a moderate oligarchy, and its council likely contained a cross-section of the population. 68 Such a conclusion best explains the events surrounding the arrival of Chalcideus and Alcibiades in Chios. The oligarchs were keeping their plot a secret from the people at large, but if the constitution were 63 See Map 3· 64 8. 14- I. 65 For references, see T. J. Quinn, Historia XVIII (1969), 24; see also W. G. Forrest, BSA LV (196o), 180; and Andrewes, HCT V, 22-23. 66 For the inscription naming the popular council, see GHI, 8. W. G. Forrest (BSA LV [1960], r8o) uses the fact that "the only surviving prescript of a state decree from the fifth century reads only [3oull:i)
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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