The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenian victory at Arginusae did not annihilate the Spartan fleet, but the more than ninety ships that survived it and gathered at Chios were in a bad way. All of the money supplied by Cyrus was gone, and none had arrived from home. The soldiers and sailors were reduced to working as hired la borers on the island as long as summer provided them with work and food. When the cold weather came, however, they found themselves without food, clothing, or shoes. Some of them became so desperate that they planned a mutiny and an attack on the main city of Chios. The Spartan commander Eteonicus discovered the plot and was able to disarm it before it got very far. Faced by the danger of the mutiny, the Chians agreed to contribute their own money to support the troops. By paying each man a month's wages Eteonicus was able to return the men to loyalty and order, but without Persian money, Sparta's future in the Aegean was grim.' The defeat at Arginusae, combined with the desperate condition of their forces at Chios, persuaded the Spartans once again to offer peace to Athens.' As usual, we are not informed of the discussion in Sparta or how groups or individuals divided on the question. The events, however, suggest that the Spartans who led the way had supported Callicratidas out of dislike for Persia's role in the war and Sparta's part as a junior partner in the restoration of the lost provinces of the Persian Empire and the consequent subjugation of Greeks and out of distrust 'Xen. 1 .1. 1-5. 'Arist. Ath. Pol. 34-1.
THE FALL OF ATHENS 377 of Lysander's growing power. They could argue that collaboration with Persia, even when funds were provided according to the agreement, had led to one great defeat after another, to the useless loss of Spartan and Peloponnesian lives, and to the decline of Spartan prestige. The one important Spartan victory at Notium had resulted from a peculiar Athenian error, and the enemy was not likely to leave its fleet under the command of a kybernetes again. At Arginusae, the Athenians had won even when using inexperienced crews that included liberated slaves. The prospects for future Spartan victories at sea must have seemed bleak. These arguments would have carried weight with many, perhaps most, Spartans, but those worried about Lysander had even stronger reasons to want peace. Requests for the return of the hero of Notium may have been already making their way to Sparta; if the war continued, the Spartans would need Persian money from Cyrus, and he would probably insist on his friend as commander. In the depression that must have followed the defeat at Arginusae, Spartans holding such views were able to gain support for another attempt at peace. The Spartans offered to withdraw from their fortress at Decelea and otherwise to make peace on the basis of the status quo.' These terms were similar to those offered after the battle of Cyzicus, but under the circumstances, they were more generous. In 410 the Athenians still held Pylos, which they were to give up in exchange for Decelea, but in 406 they had no such fortress to trade. After the battle of Cyzicus the Spartans still held Byzantium and Chalcedon and had control of the Bosporus, the entrance to the Black Sea, and a grip on the Athenian lifeline. By 406 Athens had recovered control of the straits. On the 'Ibid. There is no reason to question the historicity of this report, as some have done. (See the list of doubters in Rhodes, Commmtary, 424.) Doubts arise from the similarity between the terms offered after the battle of Cyzicus and those reported by Aristotle after the battle of Arginus3e and from the fact that Cleophon is said to have played the chief role in rejecting each peace. Aristotle, however, is unmistakably clear in connecting thiS proposal for peace with the battle of Arginusae. Moreover, the terms after the batde of Cyzicus as reported by Diodorus (13·52·3) are not identical with those described by Aristotle after the battle of Arginusae. The former speak of mutual withdrawal of garrisons, whereas the latter speak only of a Spartan evacuation of Dccelea, as the real circumstances require. The former speak of a mutual ransoming of prisoners, whereas the latter do not, as is appropriate since an arrangement for such exchanges had been agreed upon in 408/7 (Androtion, FGrH Ill 324, Fr. 44). Moreover, there is no reason why Cleophon should not have argued against peace proposals on every occasion they were made between 410 and 405, just as Cato the Censor repeatedly demanded the destruction of Carthage and Winston Churchill continually demanded rearmament and ;resistance to Hitler during the decade before the Second World War.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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