The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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I90 _THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE received from the restored democracy are ample evidence that their fellow citizens never doubted the sincerity of their patriotism or the goodness of their motives, nor should we_ As much as the news from Samos encouraged the moderates, so did it alarm the extremists, whose leaders Thucydides names as Phrynichus, Peisander, Antiphon, and, for the first time, Aristarchus, probably a member of the cavalry.' Since the extremists had received the news of the restoration of democracy to Samos their fears had grown_ As a result of that news they had sent the ill-fated second embassy that never reached Sparta. 9 They had also begun to build a fort on the harbor at Piraeus on Eetioneia at the same time. Eetioneia was the name of a promontory extending south for some distance across the mouth of the harbor and dominating traffic in and out (see Map 6). On the north and west a wall defended it from attack by land. On its western, seaward side the wall ran to the southern tip of the peninsula, ending at a strong tower. Phrynichus and his colleagues were now adding two new walls to these fortifications: one along the eastern end of the peninsula toward the harbor and the other running south from the northern wall to the eastern end of the harbor, enclosing a stoa in which they required everyone to store such grain as was already on hand and whatever new shipments arrived_ The port had already been well fortified against attack from outside by land or sea. The new arrangements would allow a small force to control the harbor against assaults from within, as well. Their pretext was the need to defend the port against attack by the forces on Samos, but Theramenes and the moderates quickly saw through it_ Its true purpose, they said (and Thucydides endorses their opinion), was "so that they could admit the enemy by land and sea whenever they wished."'" The extremists, therefore, had been preparing to betray the city, 8 8.90.1. Aristarchus is mentioned in 92.6 as going to the Piraeus with some "young cavalrymen," presumably as their leader. He may be the same man who was a choregus in 442/41 (Davies, APF, I66J). 9 8.86.9· 10 8.90.3. For a discussion ofThucydides' account of the topography and the pmblems it presents, see HCT V, 303-6. At least some of those problems seem not to be serious. Andrewes says "it is hard to see the urgency of completing or preventing a wall on the harbor shore." On the contrary, for a small group of men plotting to betray their city, the need for a truly secure refuge would have seemed urgent, and a base that could be attacked by boat from the harbor would not be adequate. Although I agree that a wall to protect the base on the landward side was even more urgent, the wall facing the harbor was also necessary.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIVE THOUSAND 191 PJRAHUS HARBOR o o o o o Walls Prujeclcd for Dcfcnsc of lhe Oligarchy -- -- - Conjectural Lmc of Wall MAP 6. EiiToNEIA. Adapted from A. W. Gomme, A. Andrewes, and K. J. Dover, A Historical Commentary on Thucydides, V (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1981), xv, by permission of the publisher. should it become necessary, even before their ambassadors returned from Samos, and the moderates had already been suspicious, alarmed, and hostile to their designs. Mter they learned of the return of Alcibiades to Samos, however, the extremists were driven to even greater efforts. Alcibiades' hopes of causing dissension within Athens had been fulfilled: the extremists "saw that both the majority of the citizens and some of their own group whom previously they had believed trustworthy were changing their minds." The extremists were now desperate and prepared to betray the city. Thucydides tells us that they would have preferred to establish oligarchic government and maintain Athenian rule over the empire; failing that they would have liked to
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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ATTICA Corinth. CORINTH • Phlius
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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenia
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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440 GENERAL INDEX Pericles, x, 6, 7
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442 GENERAL INDEX Theramenes (cont.
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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