The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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II8 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE demagogues; Peisander had played an important role in the prosecutions during the scandals of 4I 5, and Phrynichus was clearly a successful democratic politician. 44 We cannot tell whether these democratic politicians joined the conspiracy to establish an oligarchy in 41 1 from a sincere change in conviction or for reasons of personal advantage. The speaker in Lysias' speech in "Defense against the Charge of Subverting Democracy," delivered a few years after the war, charges both men with helping establish the oligarchy because they feared punishment for the many offenses they had committed against the Athenian people!' The speech is tendentious and the charges vague, but there may have been some truth behind them. Peisander must have made many enemies in his vigorous investigations of the scandals of 415. It was he who helped turn the inquiry into a general reign of terror, and it was he who proposed the decree lifting the ban against torturing Athenian citizens during the inquisition. 46 There would surely be many with charges to bring against him, many to sympathize with them, and much for him to explain. Of Phrynichus' career before 412/r 1 we know little, but his performance as general in that year must already have been controversial by November of 412. About a year earlier, he had opposed the unanimous opinion of the other Athenian generals and withdrawn from Miletus, avoiding a naval battle that might have crushed the Ionian rebellion at once!' The immediate result had been the abandonment of Amorges to the Persians. In the year since, Athenian fortunes had gone from bad to worse. As we shall see, some Athenians were ready to blame Phrynichus!' 44 Lysias (15.9) speaks of them as demagogues who later turned to oligarchy. In the case of Peisander the title is clearly justified, for he was a frequent butt of the comic poets (HCT V, II6), and Andocides (1.36) describes him, along with Charicles, as being thought of in 41 5 as the most well disposed to the people: WvoWTo.'roL E:'tvm -rip MnL
THE REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT I 19 Both men, therefore, may well have had pressing personal reasons to fear the continuation of democracy and so to favor a change. Whatever their motives, these men, unlike Thrasybulus, did not join the movement to make possible the return of Alcibiades, the reversal of Persian support, and therefore an Athenian victory. Phrynichus resisted the return of Alcibiades from the outset, denied that he could do what he promised, intrigued to prevent his return, and became active in the conspiracy only after Alcibiades and the prospect of Persian help had been excluded from it.'"' Peisander, after he learned that Alcibiades could not or would not deliver Persian support, joined in excluding him from their future plans and then took a leading part in trying to establish oligarchy in Athens.'" Once they joined the movement, these men were firmly, vigorously, and permanently committed to the oligarchical cause. Thucydides says of Phrynichus that "he showed himself, beyond all others, the most eager for the oligarchy; ... once he set to work he revealed himself as the most reliable."" Peisander was the one who put forth the motion to establish the oligarchy of the Four Hundred and, according to Thucydides, was the man in the public arena who played the greatest and most zealous part in the destruction of the democracy. He also took the lead in forming an oligarchic conspiracy on Samos, and when the oligarchy was overthrown at Athens, he went over to the Spartan camp at Decelea. 52 Although Peisander and Phrynichus may have come to the position for purely opportunistic reasons, both clearly and fully deserve the designation "oligarchs." The men on Samos, then, who came together and decided to negotiate with Alcibiades were from the first divided into two distinct types whom we may call ~'oligarchs" and "moderates." The response of the "trierarchs and the most important men" at Samos to Alcibiades' messages was to send representatives to hold discussions with Alcibiades. Thucydides does not mention any names, but Peisander and Thrasybulus were probably members of the delegation. 53 There they heard the same promises to bring over to Athens' ~8.48-4-?; so-si; 68.]. 50 B.s6; 6J.J-4· 51 8.6J.J· ns.67; 7J.2; 98.1. n8.48. 1. Thucydides merely says that TLvE.;; crossed over from Samos. Nepos (Ale. 3) names Peisander as one of the intermediaries, calling him a general, which he was not. Perhaps he was a trierarch, although we have no evidence to that effect. In any case, his leading role in the entire affair makes his participation likely (see Busolt, GG III:z, 1467, n. z). The suggestion that Thrasybulus took part derives from his position as trierarch and his continuing close association with Alcibiades.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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ATTICA Corinth. CORINTH • Phlius
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 229 prese
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 231 embar
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 235 sand'
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 237 of sp
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I I. The Return of Alcibiades The b
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14. The Trial of the Generals The v
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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenia
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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440 GENERAL INDEX Pericles, x, 6, 7
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442 GENERAL INDEX Theramenes (cont.
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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