The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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178 -THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE sians. He therefore directed his remarks not only to the men who could hear him but also to two other audiences: the oligarchic leaders in Athens and the Peloponnesians. His purpose, according to Thucydides, was threefold: to gain the respect of the army on Samos and restore their self-confidence, to increase the Peloponnesians' suspicion of Tissaphernes and thereby make them lose hope of victory, and to bring fear of Alcibiades into the hearts of those controlling the oligarchy in Athens, thereby breaking the hold of the extremist oligarchic clubs." He devoted the major part of his speech, therefore, to his influence with Tissaphernes, which he greatly exaggerated, and the satrap's eagerness to help the Athenians if only he could trust them. He would bring the Phoenician fleet, already gathered and waiting at Aspendus, to them, not to the Peloponnesians. They would never be at a loss for financial support while Tissaphernes had any money of his own; "in the last resort he would even sell his own bed, " 74 but he would do so only if Alcibiades was returned safely to the Athenians and could serve as a guarantee of their good behavior. 75 Alcibiades' rhetorical power had not faded in his extended absence from Athenian assemblies. His words had their intended effect and more. The soldiers immediately elected him general "and gave over to him control of all their affairs. " 76 Not only had he succeeded in filling his listeners with new confidence, but they were already contemptuous of the Peloponnesian enemy and ready to sail to the Piraeus and seek revenge against the Four Hundred. That was not Alcibiades' intention, and he argued against sailing to Athens and leaving the undefeated enemy behind. Many still wanted to sail, but Alcibiades seems to have carried the day with the argument that the first business at hand was for him to go to Tissaphernes and work out the details of their association. Alcibiades was eager to get to the satrap as soon as possible. His standing with the Athenians depended on their belief 7J8.81.2. The last clause is my interpretation of ~va ot 'TE oLKoL Ti)v OAl:yapxLav ExoVTeo,;:
THE FOUR HUNDRED IN POWER 179 in his relationship with Tissaphernes, and only he knew how shaky was his influence over the satrap. When last at Tissaphernes' side, Alcibiades had been a man without a country whose safety depended on the goodwill of the Persian, a mere tool of the satrap's. Now he wanted to show Tissaphernes that he was once again an Athenian general in control of a powerful fleet and "able to do him good or ill." Alcibiades, according to Thucydides, "was using the Athenians to frighten Tissaphernes and Tissaphernes to frighten the Athenians. " 77 Although we know that events proved him overconfident, we need not doubt that Alcibiades expected that the new circumstances would allow him to bring Tissaphernes over to the Athenians. We do not know if Alcibiades knew of conditions in the Peloponnesian camp at Miletus, but the situation there certainly made his hopes seem plausible. The soldiers grumbled ever more loudly against the iniquities of Tissaphernes, and now their officers joined in the dissatisfaction. The satrap had used their failure to go out and fight the Athenians at sea as an excuse for being even more remiss in paying their salaries, and the officers feared that unless they fought a decisive battle or went somewhere else to get support, the crews would desert. They focused their resentment, naturally enough, on the navarch Astyochus. He had always been reluctant to fight the Athenians, and they thought he was not tough enough with Tissaphernes; now they suspected him of having been bribed by the sa trap to act in that way. Finally, the contingents from Thurii and Syracuse confronted Astyochus and demanded their pay. He answered with the tactlessness that usually marked the behavior of Spartans to foreigners and even raised his swagger-stick to threaten Dorieus, the great athlete and commander of the Thurian force. In a rage, his crews were about to stone the navarch, who escaped only by fleeing to an altar.'" The Milesians were quick to take advantage of the discomfiture of Astyochus and of the soldiers' anger at Tissaphernes. They captured the fort the satrap had built in their city and drove his garrison from it to the approval of the allies and the Syracusans in particular." In 77 8.82.2. 78 8.84.1-3. I have translated (3aK'M'IpLav as "swagger-stick" to convey in modem terms what I take to be its significance in Sparta. See HCT V, 279. 79 8.84+ It is noteworthy that Lichas, the E'Uj.1.(3ouAo"i who protested so bitterly against the second draft-treaty between Sparta and the Persians, chided the Milesians and told them that they and the other Greeks of Asia Minor should submit quietly to the Great King's rule until the war had been won. The Milesians were so irked that they later
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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2. The War in the Aegean The last p
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 229 prese
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 231 embar
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 239 In Di
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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