The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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202 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE held there that day, chiefly hoplites, its actions were compatible with movement toward some greater degree of democracy. The Athenians who took part in shaping the new regime in the days that followed had reason to feel relief and pride. Their moderate leaders had helped them sail safely between the Scylla of betrayal to the Spartans and the Charybdis of civil war. The city was free and united; the way was clear to unification with the forces on Samos. This happy result was not inevitable. Indeed, escape from disaster had been a very close thing. Had Theramenes and Aristocrates been slower to recognize the danger and allowed the fortification of Eetioneia to reach completion, the extremists could have betrayed the city to Sparta. Had they been less skillful in managing the countercoup, the two sides might have engaged in open civil war, with the likely result being a successful Spartan intervention. For their actions at this time, Theramenes and Aristocrates, perhaps more than the glamorous renegade on Samos, deserve to have it said that they, "more than any other, were useful to the state. " 39 The regime of the Five Thousand lasted for fewer than ten months. 40 We koow little about its constitution, and the meaning of the few facts on which our understanding is based is much disputed. In addition to saying that the assembly at the Pnyx voted to turn the government over to the Five Thousand, that is, to those who could equip themselves as hoplites, Thucydides tells us that it forbade payment for public service. 41 Aristotle uses almost the same words: "they turned affairs over to the Five Thousand who provided their own hoplite equipment, voting that no office should be paid,"" but he adds important information about the end of the regime, which occurred after Thucydides' narrative breaks off: "the people quickly took away their control of the state. " 41 Thucydides characterizes the new regime as "a moderate mixture in regard to the few and the many.""" Aristotle praises it as appropriate to the occasion, for "a war was in progress and the state was l98.86.4. 4{1 1t was installed some time in September of 41 1 (Busolt, GG III:2, 1508, n. 3) and was replaced by the democracy by June or July of 410 (Rhodes, Commrotary, 414- 415). " 1 8.97· 1: Tot
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIVE THOUSAND 203 in the hands of those bearing arms. " 45 We should accept the obvious implication of the evidence and believe that political rights, that is, the right to vote in the assembly, serve on juries, and hold public office, were restricted to those of the hoplite census and higher, excluding the thetes." As we have seen, this should be no surprise, for most of those voting at the assemblies were hoplites, and most of the thetes were on Samos. One of the great changes effected by the counterrevolution was the transfer of the seat of power from the council of Four Hundred to an assembly that was many times larger. 47 But how large was that assembly? Whatever its original meaning may have been, the figure of j,ooo was by now purely conventional. The important idea was that all who could provide themselves with hoplite equipment or serve in the cavalry should participate, and in September of 411, their number may have been about 1o,ooo. 48 The participation of some such number in the conduct of affairs would well justify the concept of a moderate mixture or blend of the few and the many, for it was neither the 45 Ath. Pol. 33.2: 'JToAEj.WU TE Ko.8ec:rni1To~ Kat EK TG:rv 01rAwv 'Tf)o; 11'0At7EWo,; o\Xrq"i. 46 The case would be even stronger if we accepted Krueger's emendation of a passage in Diodorus (IJ. 38. 1) that reads: "and they established the constitution of the state from among the hoplites" (Ka( 70
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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2. The War in the Aegean The last p
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ATTICA Corinth. CORINTH • Phlius
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I I. The Return of Alcibiades The b
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14. The Trial of the Generals The v
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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenia
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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440 GENERAL INDEX Pericles, x, 6, 7
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442 GENERAL INDEX Theramenes (cont.
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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