The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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352 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE under Eteonicus, for all the ships that got away made their escape to the south, landing at Chios, Phocaea, and Cyme." The Spartans lost seventy-seven ships, some 64 percent of their force, a truly astonishing number." By comparison, the average of the losses of the defeated side at the battles of Cynossema, Abydos, and Notium was only about 28 percent." In all of these battles the losing side was able to break off and escape to safety on land that was not far away. The battle of Cyzicus, where the Spartans lost their entire fleet, was an amazing exception to most naval battles; yet it may help us understand what happened at Arginusae. At Cyzicus the Athenians used deception, surprise, and independently commanded units to draw the enemy away from the safety of land and encircle it. That guaranteed victory at sea. Their subsequent victory on land allowed them the unprecedented achievement of capturing all of the surviving ships. At Arginusae the Athenians, once again, employed deception and surprise, as well as units under independent command, to achieve a great victory. The double rows on the wings with units free to swing wide to outflank and encircle their opponents shocked the Spartans and deprived them of whatever battle plan they may have had. The right wing of the Athenians was able to close off the two-mile channel between Arginusae and Lesbos and thereby prevent easy escape to the north. The left wing, however, was unable to complete the double envelopment, allowing forty-three Spartan ships to escape. The Athenians lost twenty-five ships." But they had won a magnificent victory in the largest battle ever fought between Greek navies. 89 The chief goal of their campaign, the liberation of Conon and his fleet, was quickly accomplished, for Eteonicus got word of the outcome of the battle and quickly sailed to Chios, leaving Conon free to rejoin the 85 Xen. I.6.33. Diodocus (•3·99·5) reports that the right wing of the Spartan line gave way first, but Xenophon's version is more likely. If the ships around Callicratidas had fled early, they would have found it relatively easy to escape, since they were located at the southern end of the battle. The Laconian contingent, in that case, would not have lost nine out of ten of its ships. 86 Diodorus (IJ.I00.4) provides the precise number of losses on the Spartan side. Xenophon (1.6. 34) says that the Spartans lost nine of ten Laconian ships and the allies lost more than sixty. The figures are compatible. 117 At Cynossema the Spartans lost twenty-one of eighty-six, or 24 percent; at Abydos, thirty of ninety-seven, or 31 percent; at Notium, the Athenians lost twenty-two of eighty, or 28 percent. 88 Xen. 1.6.34; Diod. IJ.IOO.J. 89 Diod. IJ-98·5·
THE BATTLE OF ARGINUSAE J5 J main Athenian fleet. 90 Beyond that, they had crushed the excellent Spartan fleet so carefully prepared and trained by Lysander and killed his brilliant and daring young successor, who had threatened to win the war in a few months. An Athenian defeat at Arginusae would have won the war for the Spartans. Instead, the successful outcome restored Athenian control of the sea and brought another Spartan peace offer. 91 Although Diodorus says Thrasyllus was in command on the day of the battle, we need not believe he was the architect of the winning strategy. 92 The battle at Arginusae appears to have been planned and fought under a joint command, and the Athenians owed much to the generals who fought at Arginusae for the original and brilliant scheme that brought them victory and survival. 90 Xen. I.6.J6-J8; Diod. q.wo.s-6. 91 Ath. Pol. 34· 1. 92 Diodorus' account (IJ·98.J) of the Athenian baule line and the placement of its leaders is sparse and implausible. He tells us that Thrasyllus was on the right wing, which agrees with Xenophon's complete and reasonable version (1.6.2()-JO), but he also places Pericles on the right when Xenophon has him on the left. He also produces the entirely implausible tale of Thrasyllus giving Theramenes a command alongside him, although Theramenes was only a trierarch and eight other generals were present. He presents the generals as having been spread out along the line, whereas Xenophon has them only on the wings. Although his account contains valuable information about the Athenian strategy, he is not well informed on the details of command. It is entirely possible that Thrasyllus was not in command, even on a rotating basis, on the day of battle.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 229 prese
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 231 embar
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270 . THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPI
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I I. The Return of Alcibiades The b
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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440 GENERAL INDEX Pericles, x, 6, 7
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442 GENERAL INDEX Theramenes (cont.
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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