The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

98 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE
vast numbers of the promised Phoenician fleet for any hope of victory
at sea. For these reasons a chastened Spartan leadership met Tissaphernes
at Caunus and negotiated the terms of a treaty, probably late
in the month of February. " 5
The new agreement resembled the previous one in some ways, containing
a nonaggression clause, reference to Persian financial support,
and a commitment to wage war and make peace in common, but there
were significant differences. The formality and detail of the preamble
suggest that this agreement was meant to be the basis of a formal treaty
to be ratified by both home governments. " 6 This time the signatories,
in addition to Tissaphernes, are not "King Darius and his sons" but
"Hieramenes and the sons of Pharnaces" who act "concerning the
King's affairs." The son of Pharnaces can only be Phamabazus, satrap
of the Hellespontine region of Asia Minor. " 7 Pharnabazus may have
been included at Spartan insistence."' At least the Spartans had taken
his money to fit out ships for action in the Hellespont.' ' 9 But King
Darius may have wanted him involved, too, since the status of Asia
was at issue."" Little is known of Hieramenes, but he appears to have
been a relative of the Great King. "If so," as Lewis says, "he would
not be unsuitable as a visiting representative of the King. "' 1 ' His presence
emphasizes the degree to which the Great King, although not
mentioned in the preamble, was more clearly involved in the shaping
of this treaty than its predecessors. He had evidently made a specific
agreement about maintenance of the Peloponnesian ships. There is a
reference to "the King's ships" and their proposed use, which could
not have been made unless he was consulted. The first clause of the
treaty, moreover, deals with the definition of his empire and could not
have been composed without his direct approval.'"
That clause reads: "All the territory of the King that is in Asia shall
115
8.57· The heading of the actual treaty recorded by Thucydides in B.sB.I says it
was made "in the plain of the Maeander," and the divergence between the two passages
has provoked comment. Andrcwes has an interesting suggestion that this treaty, unlike
the first two, was ratified in Sparta, occasioning delay so the negotiations would have
taken place in Caunus and the formal signing on the Maeander later, perhaps early in
April (HCTV, •JB-•39).
116 8.38.1; HCTV, 143.
117
HCT V, IJ9; Lewis, Sparta and Persia, 104.
118
As Busolt (GG III:2, 1451-1452) suggests.
ll\!8.J9·I.
•wLewis, Sparta and Persia, 104.
Ill Ibid.
122Jbid.