The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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J24 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE the straits was not Alcibiades but Thrasybulus. Athens could certainly have used another military leader of Alcibiades' ability in the last years of the war, if he could have subordinated his own needs and interests to those of the state. But whatever Alcibiades' personal inclinations might have been in 406, the burden of his past was too great. Even apart from his personality and ambitions, the number of his enemies, the intensity of their hatred, and the eagerness with which they waited to attack him compelled him to seek extraordinary achievements and make promises that could not be fulfilled in order to acquire and maintain a popularity that was his only security. This drove him to take risks that another general would have avoided and that were bound to bring disaster to Athens. From a political point of view, moreover, Alcibiades was a burden to his native city. What Athens needed more than anything in its time of crisis was unity of the kind Pericles had provided at the start of the war. Alcibiades, however, was preeminently a divisive figure who evoked powerful feelings of admiration or dislike but not steady support from a large portion of the citizenry. He could not win a reliable majority to support his own policies, but he could prevent anyone else from doing so, for when things went badly, the Athenians often looked to the glamor and promise of Alcibiades for salvation. As a character in Aristophanes' Frogs said less than a year after Notium: "They yearn for him, they hate him, but they want to have him back.""' It is interesting, if vain, to speculate about what would have happened if Alcibiades had departed and Thrasybulus, who would later prove himself an able political leader as well as a great general, had been allowed to emerge in his place, but the disgrace of Alcibiades discredited his friends as well as himself. In the new elections of the spring of 406, neither Thrasybulus nor Theramenes were chosen. Perhaps that was the most serious result of the Spartan victory at Notium.
I 3. The Battle of Arginusae The new board of generals elected in March of 406 excluded both Thrasybulus and Theramenes as well as any other close associates of Alcibiades. Its members were Conon, Diomedon, Leon, Pericles, Erasinides, Aristocrates, Archestratus, Protomachus, Thrasyllus, and Aristogenes.' It has been common to analyze these elections in regard to the competition between political factions. The generals are said to belong to "the moderate democracy."' In other words, they belong to "that democratic middle party that once saw its leader in Nicias and was as far removed fro'!' oligarchic aspirations as from the demagogy of the gutter."' These descriptions, however, are not very helpful. They would describe Thrasybulus as well as any of the new generals. If they do not apply to Theramenes, moreover, they should not apply 'For the date of the elections, see Busolt, GG III:2, rs8o, n. 3; and Beloch, GG 2 Il:2, 252. The list comes from Xen. I .6. 16-17. Diodorus (IJ.74·I) gives the same list, except for his usuaJ mistake in writing "Thrasybulus" in place of "Thrasyllus" and for his substitution of "Lysias" for "Loon." It is possible that Xenophon has simply made a mistake in listing Leon (Fomara, Generals, 70, n. 124), for Leon is not mentioned at Arginusae or thereafter whereas Lysias is. On the other hand, Xenophon mentions Leon not only-in his list but also as one of the generals blockaded at Mytilene with Conon (1.6. 16). He is also mentioned by the scholiast on Aristid. Pan. 162.19. Beloch (GG 2 Il:2, 268) suggests that Lysias may have been elected to replace Archestratus, who died at Mytilene (Lys. 21.8). It is also possible that Leon was on board the ship that was captured trying to escape from Mytilene (Xen. 1.6.21 and G. E. Underhill, A Commentary with an Introduction and Appendix on the Hellenica of Xenophon [Oxford, H}OO], 26) and that Lysias was chosen to replace him. Although certainty is impossible, Leon was probably among the generals elected in March. 2 Busolt, GG Ill:2, 1581. 3 Beloch, AP, Bs. 325
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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Abbreviations and Short Titles AJP
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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1 5. The Fall of Athens The Athenia
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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436 GENERAL INDEX Cedriae, 384, 385
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440 GENERAL INDEX Pericles, x, 6, 7
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442 GENERAL INDEX Theramenes (cont.
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 447 GHI (c
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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