The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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294 THE FALL OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE as Miletus and Ephesus, the key island of Chios, and important stepping-stones between Athens and Ionia such as Andros and Tenos were still in enemy hands. The Athenians hoped to drive the Spartans from all of these places and from the sea altogether, to recover their empire, and to persuade the Persians to abandon the war. The Athenians' long delay before taking action, however, had given the enemy a valuable respite. Immediately after the Spartans' crushing defeat at Cyzicus in the spring of 410, they had begun to rebuild their fleet, and by the summer of 407 they had gathered a navy of seventy ships.' Even more ominous for the Athenians were the changes that had taken place in the leadership of their two opponents in Asia Minor. The Athenian ambassadors who had gone with Pharnabazus in the year 408/7 to seek out the Great King had met the new commander of the satrapy of western Asia Minor somewhere between Gordium and the royal capital at Susa: Cyrus, a younger son of Darius, with his queen, Parysatis! Tissaphernes, the former satrap, had been discredited by the apparent failure of his policy, the discontent and complaints of the Spartans, and, perhaps, by the defection of Alcibiades to Athens. Later events would show that his plan of not allowing either of the major Greek cities to win the war was not bad, but in 408/7 his tricky policy seemed to have brought Athens to the brink of victory and endangered Persian recovery of the Anatolian coast. It is not surprising, therefore, that he was replaced. There were, however, more likely candidates for the position than Cyrus, who had no command experience in Asia Minor or anywhere else, was only a younger son, and was not yet seventeen years old/ Arsaces, Darius' oldest son, may have served in Asia Minor as a lieutenant to Tissaphernes as late as 41 1; in any case, he was a man in his thirties; 6 Hieramenes, brotherin-law to Darius, had sworn to the third Persian treaty with Sparta in the same year. 7 Yet it was the untried adolescent whom the Great King sent to Sardis with the title of karanos (lord, or ruler) "of those JXen. 1. 5 .1. 4 Xen. 1.4.3· I have learned much about Cyrus and Persian politics at this time, as well as about the career of Lysander, from P. A. Rahe, "Lysander and the Spartan Settlement 407-403 B.c." (Ph. D. diss., Yale University, 1977). 5 Lotze, Lysarukr, 11, n. 2. Rahe ("Lysander," 2, n. 4) argues that Cyrus may have been as young as fifteen. 6 8. 108.4. The Arsaces mentioned here, however, may have been a different man (see Lewis, Sparta and Persia, Bo, n. 198). For the age of the royal Arsaces, see J. M. Cook, The Persian Empire (New York, 1983), 222. 7 8.s8.I; Xen. 2.1.8--9.
CYRUS, LYSANDER, AND THE FALL OF ALCIBIADES 295 who gather in Castolus."' This appointment gave him control ofLydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia, in addition to his command in Ionia---enormous power and responsibility for any official and even more so for an untested stripling! Why did Darius entrust so much to this adolescent? The answer must be sought in the politics of the royal palace at Susa. Parysatis was hostile to her oldest son, Arsaces, and favored Cyrus, her second-born. ' 0 She worked to secure the succession for her favorite and had good reason to hope to achieve her goal. Although Cyrus was not the first-born, he was the first to have been born after his father's succession to the throne, and his claim was supported by some precedent. The wives of Persian kings, moreover, had exercised great influence in the past. The first Xerxes had been the oldest of the sons of the first Darius born after his succession, and Herodotus tells us that he had gained the throne at the expense of his older brothers because his mother, Atossa, "had full power."" Cyrus' father had been one of seventeen bastard sons, and he had come to power after the murder of the legitimate heir and was advised and powerfully assisted by his wife and half-sister Parysatis." Parysatis came to hate her daughter-in-law Stateira, the wife of Arsaces, who was another woman of strong will and powerful connections. The rivalry increased her determination to secure the succession of her favorite, Cyrus, at the expense of Arsaces and his detested wife. When Darius sent his young son to Sardis as karanos in 407, Cyrus replaced the powerful Tissaphernes, who was relegated to the lesser command of the province of Caria." Thereby, the young prince got an opportunity to exercise great power, achieve greater influence, and win support for his succession. That Cyrus had designs on the thtone we know from his attempt 0 Xen. 1 + 3-4, where Xenophon tells us that Cyrus had come "to rule" Cip~wv all the people along the coast and equates the Persian word karanos with the Greek kyrios. For further discussion of the word's meaning, see Lotze, Lysonder, w, n. 8. 9 For the extent of Cyrus' command, see Rahe, "Lysander," 2, n. 5. 10 Plut. Artax, 2.2-3; Ctesias FGrH 688 Fr. 15, 51. For the story of the family quarrels, see A. T. Olmstead, A History of the Persian Empire (Chicago, 1948), 356-376. See also Lewis, Sparta and Persia, IJ4-IJ5. For a recent study of ancient Persia, see Cook, Persian Empire. 11 Hdt. 7·2: 12 See Rahe, "Lysander," 1-5. HLewis, Sparta and Persia, 119, n. 78.
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire DON
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For Bob and Fred, the best of sons
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Vlll PREFACE rebelled against them,
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X PREFACE of each situation. Inevit
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Contents Maps Abbreviations and Sho
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THE WAR IN THE HELLESPONT 227 The s
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428 BIBUOGRAPHY Bradeen, D. W. "The
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430 BIBLIOGRAPHY ---. "The Phoenici
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4 J 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Vlastos, G. "The
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4 34 GENERAL INDEX Alcibiades (cont
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Index of Ancient Authors Aelian 4·
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 449 Thucyd
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INDEX OF ANCIENT AUTHORS 45 1 Helle
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Index of Modern Authors Adeleye, G.
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INDEX OF MODERN AUTHORS 455 Pleket,
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The Fall of the Athenian Empire-(A New History of the Peloponnesian War) Donald Kagan - (1987)

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